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The ''' | {{subpages}} | ||
The '''positivist calendar''' was proposed by [[Auguste Comte]] in 1849 as a reform of the [[Gregorian calendar]] which would mark the transition to (as he saw it) the new, enlightened era of [[Positivism]]. | |||
== Structure of the calendar == | == Structure of the calendar == | ||
=== Months === | === Months === | ||
The calendar contained 13 months of 28 days each. The French names of ''Janvier'' through ''Décembre'' were retained from the Gregorian calendar for the first 12 months, with the 13th being named ''Final''. | The calendar contained 13 months of 28 days each. The French names of ''Janvier'' through ''Décembre'' were retained from the Gregorian calendar for the first 12 months, with the 13th being named ''Final''. | ||
=== Weeks === | === Weeks === | ||
The seven-day week was also retained, with the French day-names. Weeks began on ''Lundi'' (Monday). | The seven-day week was also retained, with the French day-names. Weeks began on ''Lundi'' (Monday). | ||
=== Extra days === | === Extra days === | ||
To bring the total to 365 days, an [[epagomenal day]] named ''Fête gènérale des Morts'' ("Festival of the Dead") was added after the last day of ''Final''. It was not counted as part of a week, thus allowing every year to start on ''Lundi''. For leap years, assigned the same way as in the Gregorian system, the leap day was added at the end of the year. The leap day was named ''Fête gènérale des Sainte Femmes'' ("Festival of Holy Women"). | To bring the total to 365 days, an [[epagomenal day]] named ''Fête gènérale des Morts'' ("Festival of the Dead") was added after the last day of ''Final''. It was not counted as part of a week, thus allowing every year to start on ''Lundi''. For leap years, assigned the same way as in the Gregorian system, the leap day was added at the end of the year. The leap day was named ''Fête gènérale des Sainte Femmes'' ("Festival of Holy Women"). | ||
== Commemorations == | == Commemorations == | ||
Comte proposed that each month honor a particular period of history or area of human achievement, as well as one person who exemplified it. In addition, each day of the month would be dedicated to a major figure in that area, with ''Dimanche'' (Sunday) reserved for especially important people. The complete list of commemorations would be: | Comte proposed that each month honor a particular period of history or area of human achievement, as well as one person who exemplified it. In addition, each day of the month would be dedicated to a major figure in that area, with ''Dimanche'' (Sunday) reserved for especially important people. The complete list of commemorations would be: | ||
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<tr><th>Month<th><th>Janvier<th>Février<th>Mars<th>Avril<th>Mai | <tr><th>Month<th><th>Janvier<th>Février<th>Mars<th>Avril<th>Mai | ||
<tr><th>Person<th><td>[[Moses]]<td>[[Homer]]<td>[[Aristotle]]<td>[[Archimedes]]<td>[[Julius Caesar]] | <tr><th>Person<th><td>[[Moses]]<td>[[Homer]]<td>[[Aristotle]]<td>[[Archimedes]]<td>[[Julius Caesar]] | ||
<tr><th>Theme<th><td>The early theocracy<td>Ancient poets<td>Ancient | <tr><th>Theme<th><td>The early theocracy<td>Ancient poets<td>Ancient philosophy<td>Ancient science<td>Military civilization | ||
<tr><th>Lundi<th>1<td>[[Prometheus]]<td>[[Hesiod]]<td>[[Anaximander]]<td>[[Theophrastus]]<td>[[Militiades]] | <tr><th>Lundi<th>1<td>[[Prometheus]]<td>[[Hesiod]]<td>[[Anaximander]]<td>[[Theophrastus]]<td>[[Militiades]] | ||
<tr><th>Mardi<th>2<td>[[Hercules]]<td>[[Tyrtaeus]]<td>[[Anaximenes]]<td>[[Herophilus]]<td>[[Leonides]] | <tr><th>Mardi<th>2<td>[[Hercules]]<td>[[Tyrtaeus]]<td>[[Anaximenes]]<td>[[Herophilus]]<td>[[Leonides]] | ||
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<tr><th>Jeudi<th>25<td>[[St. Vincent de Paul]]<td>[[St. Elizabeth of Hungary]]<td>[[François Fénelon|Fénelon]]<td>[[Ferdinand de Saussure|Saussure]] | <tr><th>Jeudi<th>25<td>[[St. Vincent de Paul]]<td>[[St. Elizabeth of Hungary]]<td>[[François Fénelon|Fénelon]]<td>[[Ferdinand de Saussure|Saussure]] | ||
<tr><th>Vendredi<th>26<td>[[Bordalue]]<td>[[Blanche of Castille]]<td>[[Friedrich Gottlieb Klopstock|Klopstock]]<td>[[Charles-Augustin de Coulomb|Coulomb]] | <tr><th>Vendredi<th>26<td>[[Bordalue]]<td>[[Blanche of Castille]]<td>[[Friedrich Gottlieb Klopstock|Klopstock]]<td>[[Charles-Augustin de Coulomb|Coulomb]] | ||
<tr><th>Samedi<th>27<td>[[William Penn]]<td>[[St. Ferdinand III]]<td>[[Byron]]<td>[[Lazare Carnot|Carnot]] | <tr><th>Samedi<th>27<td>[[William Penn (Quaker)|William Penn]]<td>[[St. Ferdinand III]]<td>[[Byron]]<td>[[Lazare Carnot|Carnot]] | ||
<tr><th>Dimanche<th>28<td>[[Jacques-Benigne Bossuet|Bossuet]]<td>[[St. Louis]]<td>[[John Milton|Milton]]<td>[[Montgolfier]] | <tr><th>Dimanche<th>28<td>[[Jacques-Benigne Bossuet|Bossuet]]<td>[[St. Louis]]<td>[[John Milton|Milton]]<td>[[Montgolfier]] | ||
</table> | </table> | ||
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<table border="2" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4"> | <table border="2" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4"> | ||
<tr><th>Month<th><th>Octobre<th>Novembre<th>Décembre<th>Final | <tr><th>Month<th><th>Octobre<th>Novembre<th>Décembre<th>Final | ||
<tr><th>Person<th><td>[[William Shakespeare|Shakespeare]]<td>[[ | <tr><th>Person<th><td>[[William Shakespeare|Shakespeare]]<td>[[René Descartes|Descartes]]<td>[[Frederick II]]<td>[[Marie-François-Xavier Bichat|Bichat]] | ||
<tr><th>Theme<th><td>Modern drama<td>Modern philosophy<td>Modern politics<td>Modern science | <tr><th>Theme<th><td>Modern drama<td>Modern philosophy<td>Modern politics<td>Modern science | ||
<tr><th>Lundi<th>1<td>[[Lope de Vega]]<td>[[Albert the Great]]<td>[[Marie de Molina]]<td>[[Copernicus]] | <tr><th>Lundi<th>1<td>[[Lope de Vega]]<td>[[Albert the Great]]<td>[[Marie de Molina]]<td>[[Copernicus]] | ||
<tr><th>Mardi<th>2<td>[[Augustine Moreto y Cabaña|Moreto]]<td>[[Roger Bacon]]<td>[[Cosimo de Medici]]<td>[[Johannes Kepler|Kepler]] | <tr><th>Mardi<th>2<td>[[Augustine Moreto y Cabaña|Moreto]]<td>[[Roger Bacon]]<td>[[Cosimo de Medici]]<td>[[Johannes Kepler|Kepler]] | ||
<tr><th>Mercredi<th>3<td>[[Francisco de Rojas y Zorrilla|Rojas]]<td>[[St. Bonaventure]]<td>[[Philippe de Comines]]<td>[[Christian Huygens|Huygens]] | <tr><th>Mercredi<th>3<td>[[Francisco de Rojas y Zorrilla|Rojas]]<td>[[St. Bonaventure]]<td>[[Philippe de Comines]]<td>[[Christian Huygens|Huygens]] | ||
<tr><th>Jeudi<th>4<td>[[Thomas Otway|Otway]]<td>[[Peter Ramus|Ramus]]<td>[[Isabella of Castille]]<td>[[Jacques | <tr><th>Jeudi<th>4<td>[[Thomas Otway|Otway]]<td>[[Peter Ramus|Ramus]]<td>[[Isabella of Castille]]<td>[[Jacques Bernoulli]] | ||
<tr><th>Vendredi<th>5<td>[[Gotthold Ephraim Lessing|Lessing]]<td>[[Michel-Eyquen de Montaigne|Montaigne]]<td>[[Charles V]]<td>[[James Bradley|Bradley]] | <tr><th>Vendredi<th>5<td>[[Gotthold Ephraim Lessing|Lessing]]<td>[[Michel-Eyquen de Montaigne|Montaigne]]<td>[[Charles V]]<td>[[James Bradley|Bradley]] | ||
<tr><th>Samedi<th>6<td>[[Johann Wolfgang von Goëthe|Goëthe]]<td>[[Tommaso Campanella|Campanella]]<td>[[Henry IV]]<td>[[Alessandro Volta|Volta]] | <tr><th>Samedi<th>6<td>[[Johann Wolfgang von Goëthe|Goëthe]]<td>[[Tommaso Campanella|Campanella]]<td>[[Henry IV]]<td>[[Alessandro Volta|Volta]] | ||
<tr><th>Dimanche<th>7<td>[[Pedro Calderón|Calderón]]<td>[[ | <tr><th>Dimanche<th>7<td>[[Pedro Calderón|Calderón]]<td>[[Thomas Aquinas]]<td>[[Louis XI]]<td>[[Galileo]] | ||
<tr><th>Lundi<th>8<td>[[Tirso de Molina|Tirso]]<td>[[Thomas Hobbes]]<td>[[Coligny]]<td>[[François Viète|Viète]] | <tr><th>Lundi<th>8<td>[[Tirso de Molina|Tirso]]<td>[[Thomas Hobbes]]<td>[[Coligny]]<td>[[François Viète|Viète]] | ||
<tr><th>Mardi<th>9<td>[[Joost van | <tr><th>Mardi<th>9<td>[[Joost van den Vondel|Vondel]]<td>[[Blaise Pascal|Pascal]]<td>[[Johan van Olden Barneveldt|Barneveldt]]<td>[[John Wallis|Wallis]] | ||
<tr><th>Mercredi<th>10<td>[[Jean Racine|Racine]]<td>[[John Locke|Locke]]<td>[[Gustavus Adolphus]]<td>[[Alexis Clairaut|Clairaut]] | <tr><th>Mercredi<th>10<td>[[Jean Racine|Racine]]<td>[[John Locke|Locke]]<td>[[Gustavus Adolphus]]<td>[[Alexis Clairaut|Clairaut]] | ||
<tr><th>Jeudi<th>11<td>[[Voltaire]]<td>[[Vauvernargues]]<td>[[Johan de Witt|de Witt]]<td>[[Leonhard Euler|Euler]] | <tr><th>Jeudi<th>11<td>[[Voltaire]]<td>[[Vauvernargues]]<td>[[Johan de Witt|de Witt]]<td>[[Leonhard Euler|Euler]] | ||
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<tr><th>Vendredi<th>19<td>[[Madame de Staal]]<td>[[Montesquieu]]<td>[[D'Aranda]]<td>[[Claude-Louis Berthollet|Berthollet]] | <tr><th>Vendredi<th>19<td>[[Madame de Staal]]<td>[[Montesquieu]]<td>[[D'Aranda]]<td>[[Claude-Louis Berthollet|Berthollet]] | ||
<tr><th>Samedi<th>20<td>[[Henry Fielding|Fielding]]<td>[[Georges Buffon|Buffon]]<td>[[Anne-Robert-Jacques Turgot|Turgot]]<td>[[Jöns Jacob Berzelius|Berzelius]] | <tr><th>Samedi<th>20<td>[[Henry Fielding|Fielding]]<td>[[Georges Buffon|Buffon]]<td>[[Anne-Robert-Jacques Turgot|Turgot]]<td>[[Jöns Jacob Berzelius|Berzelius]] | ||
<tr><th>Dimanche<th>21<td>[[Molière]]<td>[[Gottfried | <tr><th>Dimanche<th>21<td>[[Molière]]<td>[[Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz|Leibnitz]]<td>[[Richelieu]]<td>[[Lavoisier]] | ||
<tr><th>Lundi<th>22<td>[[Giovanni Battista Pergolesi|Pergolesi]]<td>[[Adam Smith]]<td>Sidney<td>[[William Harvey|Harvey]] | <tr><th>Lundi<th>22<td>[[Giovanni Battista Pergolesi|Pergolesi]]<td>[[Adam Smith]]<td>Sidney<td>[[William Harvey|Harvey]] | ||
<tr><th>Mardi<th>23<td>[[Antonio Sacchini|Sacchini]]<td>[[Immanuel Kant|Kant]]<td>[[Benjamin Franklin|Franklin]]<td>[[Herman Boerhaave|Boerhaave]] | <tr><th>Mardi<th>23<td>[[Antonio Sacchini|Sacchini]]<td>[[Immanuel Kant|Kant]]<td>[[Benjamin Franklin|Franklin]]<td>[[Herman Boerhaave|Boerhaave]] | ||
<tr><th>Mercredi<th>24<td>[[Christoph Willibald Gluck|Gluck]]<td>[[Condorcet]]<td>[[George Washington|Washington]]<td>[[Linnaeus]] | <tr><th>Mercredi<th>24<td>[[Christoph Willibald Gluck|Gluck]]<td>[[Condorcet]]<td>[[George Washington|Washington]]<td>[[Linnaeus]] | ||
<tr><th>Jeudi<th>25<td>[[Ludwig | <tr><th>Jeudi<th>25<td>[[Ludwig van Beethoven|Beethoven]]<td>[[Johann Gottlieb Fichte|Fichte]]<td>[[Thomas Jefferson|Jefferson]]<td>[[Albrecht von Haller|Haller]] | ||
<tr><th>Vendredi<th>26<td>[[Gioacchino Rossini|Rossini]]<td>[[Joseph de Maistre]]<td>[[Simón Bolívar|Bolívar]]<td>[[Jean-Baptiste Lamarck|Lamarck]] | <tr><th>Vendredi<th>26<td>[[Gioacchino Rossini|Rossini]]<td>[[Joseph de Maistre]]<td>[[Simón Bolívar|Bolívar]]<td>[[Jean-Baptiste Lamarck|Lamarck]] | ||
<tr><th>Samedi<th>27<td>[[Vincenzo Bellini|Bellini]]<td>[[Georg Hegel|Hegel]]<td>[[José de Francia|Francia]]<td>[[François-Joseph-Victor Broussais|Broussais]] | <tr><th>Samedi<th>27<td>[[Vincenzo Bellini|Bellini]]<td>[[Georg Hegel|Hegel]]<td>[[José de Francia|Francia]]<td>[[François-Joseph-Victor Broussais|Broussais]] | ||
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== External links == | == External links == | ||
[http://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k21868f/f1.item ''Calendrier positiviste''] (PDF of 1993 reprint) | *[http://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k21868f/f1.item ''Calendrier positiviste''] (PDF of 1993 reprint) | ||
Latest revision as of 12:56, 2 March 2013
The positivist calendar was proposed by Auguste Comte in 1849 as a reform of the Gregorian calendar which would mark the transition to (as he saw it) the new, enlightened era of Positivism.
Structure of the calendar
Months
The calendar contained 13 months of 28 days each. The French names of Janvier through Décembre were retained from the Gregorian calendar for the first 12 months, with the 13th being named Final.
Weeks
The seven-day week was also retained, with the French day-names. Weeks began on Lundi (Monday).
Extra days
To bring the total to 365 days, an epagomenal day named Fête gènérale des Morts ("Festival of the Dead") was added after the last day of Final. It was not counted as part of a week, thus allowing every year to start on Lundi. For leap years, assigned the same way as in the Gregorian system, the leap day was added at the end of the year. The leap day was named Fête gènérale des Sainte Femmes ("Festival of Holy Women").
Commemorations
Comte proposed that each month honor a particular period of history or area of human achievement, as well as one person who exemplified it. In addition, each day of the month would be dedicated to a major figure in that area, with Dimanche (Sunday) reserved for especially important people. The complete list of commemorations would be:
External links
- Calendrier positiviste (PDF of 1993 reprint)