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...t the [[Chemistry|chemistry]] and history of [[Food science|food science]] and [[Cooking|cooking]].

{{r|History of biology}} *[[Life/Addendum]]: Supplementary text to main article [[Life]] and [[Life/Draft]]

* BBC History [http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/historic_figures/curie_marie.shtml Marie Curie (1867 - 1934)] ...adium and polonium, by the isolation of radium and the study of the nature and compounds of this remarkable element.''

* [http://inventors.about.com/library/inventors/blcellophane.htm History of cellophane] ....edu.au/discovery/Syllabus.html Educational website pitched at high school and undergraduate students]

* [http://inventors.about.com/library/inventors/blcellophane.htm History of cellophane] ....edu.au/discovery/Syllabus.html Educational website pitched at high school and undergraduate students]

{{r|Chemistry}} {{r|Density (chemistry)}}

...is paid for by sponsors of the site when questions are answered correctly and the rice is distributed by the [[UN World Food Program]]. == History ==

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...ramolecular chemistry include [[host-guest chemistry]], [[self-assembly]], and [[molecular recognition]]. == History ==

...raday, Michael. ''Chemical Manipulation, being Instructions to Students in Chemistry'' (1 vol., John Murray, 1st ed. 1827, 2nd 1830, 3rd 1842) ...ls. i. and ii. (1844 and 1847); vol. iii. (1844); vol. iii. Richard Taylor and William Francis (1855) [http://books.google.com/books?id=Q7sKAAAAIAAJ&print

|iupac= see chemistry section ...[[nucleotide]] [[deoxyadenosine triphosphate]] (dATP) during DNA formation and it acts as a DNA chain terminator once incorporated because it lacks the no

...as_brr=0&ei=CCS1R96qCJb4tgOG39yXBQ&sig=2n5yoCm5T4NxzhoUBnVPbf2v10A excerpt and text search] * Cocroft, Wayne. ''Dangerous Energy: The Archaeology of Gunpowder and Military Explosives'' (2000) 222 pages

...eights of the elements|standard atomic weight]] of 210 g•mol⁻¹ and is a [[solid]] in its elemental form. The total amount of astatine present ...scal (unit)|Pa]], it has a [[boiling point]] of ~340 °[[Celsius (unit)|C]] and a [[melting point]] of 302 °C.

|iupac= see chemistry section ...eplaced by an azido group. It also inhibits the HIV RT by binding with it and thus competing with natural substrates.

...the defining province of [[chemistry]], one might trace the '''history of chemistry''' as far back as the emergence of our species, or even to earlier times in ...t><ref name=bensaude>Bensaude-Vincent B, Stengers I. (1996) ''A History of Chemistry.'' Harvard University Press. ISBN 9780674396593. Originally published as ''

...i.ac.il/history/faraday.htm Michael Faraday] biography at the Institute of Chemistry at the Hebrew University of Jerusalem * [http://www.rigb.org/heritage/downloads/Guides%20to%20the%20RI%20no.1.pdf History of the Royal Institution of Great Britain] (by Dr. Frank A.J.L. James; has

...the initial phase of the [[scientific method]], with information gathering and formulation of a hypothesis that strives to remain coherent with all releva ...ically philosophical disciplines such as [[alchemy]], which later became [[chemistry]], or [[astrology]], part of which later became [[astronomy]], but it is no

...)<ref>[http://www.uio.no/english/ The University of Oslo's web page]</ref> and is considered as one of the leading Scandinavian universities. ==History==

...st stable allotrope of carbon in [[International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry]] prescribed [[standard conditions]]. == History ==

{{r|Building blocks: solvent suppression - pulsed magnetic field gradients and RF ||***}} {{r|MR angiography and MR cardiography||***}}

...eights of the elements|standard atomic weight]] of 227 g•mol⁻¹ and it is a [[solid]] in its elemental form. ...cal (unit)|Pa]], it has a [[boiling point]] of 3,198 °[[Celsius (unit)|C]] and a [[melting point]] of 1,051 °C.

{{r|Complementary and alternative medicine}} {{r|History of homeopathy}}

...r chemists, however, work on problems related to [[medicine]], [[biology]] and [[biochemistry]], or [[materials science]]. == Basic concepts in polymer chemistry ==

|iupac= see Chemistry ...that is believed to function in the same way that [[sildenafil]] (Viagra®) and [[vardenafil]] (Levitra®) work, despite significant structural differences

* Norman E. Holden. (2001) History of the Origin of the Chemical Elements and Their Discoverers. Prepared for the 41st IUPAC General Assembly in Brisbane ...emical Elements: Their Discovery and the Origins of their Names.] A useful and interesting article.

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*{{cite book|author=Stan Gibilisco and Norman H. Crowhurst|title= Mastering Technical Mathematics|edition=3rd Edit *{{cite book|author=Robert C. Weast (Editor)|title=Handbook of Chemistry and Physics|edition=56th Edition|publisher=CRC Press|year=1975|id=ISBN 0-87819-

...in her husband's magnum opus ''Traité élémentaire de Chemie'' and edited and published her husband's posthumous ''Mémoires de Physique et de Chimique'' ...T. Eagle and J. Sloan, ''Marie Anne Paulze Lavoisier: The Mother of Modern Chemistry'', The Chemical Educator vol. '''3''' (1998) [http://www.springerlink.com/c

...d cGMP levels relax the smooth muscles, dilate the [[corporeal sinusoid]]s and increase blood flow enabling an erection. cGMP levels are normally increas == Chemistry ==

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...result of laboratory (e.g., clinical chemistry, hematology, microbiology) and [[medical imaging|imaging]] tests. Often, syndromic diagnosis proceeds step A syndrome is a set of manifestations, and, at least in the preliminary phases of diagnosis, there can be different [[

...oking: The Science and Lore of the Kitchen]]'' initially published in 1984 and revised in 2004.<ref>[http://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId= ...the [[Denver Museum of Nature and Science|Denver Natural History Museum]] and the [[Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory]]. {{citation needed|date=Janua

{{r|Philosophy of chemistry}} {{r|History of Science}}

...d Museum of Fine Arts in Boston. His research background is in [[physical chemistry]] ...eutchdiversity>[http://www.jewishworldreview.com/cols/chavez030205.asp "PC and the CIA", jewishworldreview.com, Mar. 2, 2005]</ref>

...lue?mp|search_for=proton+mass |publisher=[[National Institute of Standards and Technology]] |accessdate=2011-03-28}} ...|search_for=elementary+charge |publisher=[[National Institute of Standards and Technology]] |accessdate=2011-03-28}}

...itution reaction]]s, [[pericyclic reaction]]s, [[rearrangement reaction]]s and [[organic redox reaction|redox reactions]]. In [[organic synthesis]], organ ...912, the [[Diels-Alder reaction]] in 1950, the [[Wittig reaction]] in 1979 and [[olefin metathesis]] in 2005.

**Detailed history of the periodic system, lacking discussion of the role of modern physics in **Detailed history of the periodic system, one of the few such histories.

...ments ''Y'' and ''Z'', say &mdash; can form multiple different [[Compound (chemistry)|compounds]], the ratio of the weights of any one of the elements in the di ...rams of carbon combines with 13.3 grams of oxygen to form carbon monoxide, and 26.6 grams of oxygen to form carbon dioxide, the ratio 13.3:26.6 = 1:2 for

'''Planetology''' is the study of other planets, those in our solar system and those beyond it. It is also referred to as '''planetary science'''. Given t ...the Earth has been influenced to some extent by the activities of humanity and this influence has made little or no impact on other planets.

...y]] plant. In modern times, heroin has been used by humans as an analgesic and a recreational [[drug]]. ...l. Victims of heroin overdose include celebrities such as [[Janis Joplin]] and [[Bridgette Andersen]].

...on include [[x-ray crystallography]] (or single-crystal x-ray diffraction) and [[powder diffraction]]. In many cases, corresponding techniques employing ==History==

...ic animals, to the packaging and formulation of food as products for sale, and even includes [[cooking]]. Many aspects are a subdivision of [[Agriculture *[[Culinary arts]] – includes food preparation and [[cooking]]

* [http://lipas.uwasa.fi/~ts/popsci.html A Book List of Popularized Natural and Behavioral Sciences] * Augros, Robert M., Stanciu, George N., "The New Story of Science: mind and the universe", Lake Bluff, Ill.: Regnery Gateway, c1984. ISBN 0895268337

...to the international application of [[chemistry]] by scientists, engineers and others. It is an association of organizations, called "National Adhering Or ...e U.S. National Committee for the International Union for Pure and Applied Chemistry (USNC&thinsp;/&thinsp;IUPAC)].</ref>

...ressure]] exerted by 1 [[millimetre]] of liquid [[mercury]] (symbol: mmHg) and thus 1 torr ≈ 1 mmHg. It was named after [[Evangelista Torricelli]], an [[Italy|Italian]] physicist and mathematician who, in 1644, first explained that a [[barometer]] responded

...ts of the elements|standard atomic weight]] of 98.9062 g•mol⁻¹ and is a [[solid]] in its elemental form. ...e (unit)|atm]]), it has a [[boiling point]] of 4,265 °[[Celsius (unit)|C]] and a [[melting point]] of 2,157 °C.

...lumes were compiled by William Henry (1774-1836), the Manchester physician and chemist, some of whose own lecture notes are also preserved."'' |title=Joseph Black and the discovery of carbon dioxide.

|hazard=Scandium dust is flammable and a fire hazard. It is not known to be toxic. ...800 other minerals.<ref> Lide, David R. (ed) ''CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics 75th ed.'', CRC Press: Ann Arbor, MI (1995).</ref>

|iupac= see Chemistry ...MP), which is structurally similar to sildenafil. [[Vardenafil]], a newer and more potent PDE-5 inhibitor, is nearly identical to sildenafil, while [[tad

* Bence Jones, Henry. ''The Life and Letters of Faraday,'' (2 vol. 1870, reprint 2006) [http://books.google.com/ * Cantor, Geoffrey N. ''Michael Faraday: Sandemanian and Scientist.'' (1991)

...Chapter 21. In: Brown TL, Eugene Lemay H, Bursten BE, Murphy CJ. (2009) ''Chemistry: The Central Science''. 11th edition. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Pearson Edu ...t radioactivity: specific elements may have stable (i.e., non-radioactive) and radioactive (unstable) [[isotope]]s&mdash;all the isotopes of a given chemi

...tm and a bar, which is about 1%, is not significant for many applications, and is within the error range of common pressure gauges. ==History==

In [[quantum chemistry]], an '''electron orbital''' (or more often just '''orbital''') is a synony ...norm]], i.e., that the orbital is normalizable (quadratically integrable), and hence this requirement is often added to the definition.

...'venlafaxine''' is a [[second generation antidepressant]] that has unusual chemistry: it inhibits the reuptake of several [[neurotransmitter]]s depending on dos ==History==

...e if you can or die! However, anti-Jewish bias in the West, in [[America]] and its European allies, was silently effective in preventing safe passage acro ...e late 1920’s he began work on his popular Progress in Biochemistry series and starting in 1930 made immunochemistry his principal area of research.

...ite]</ref> It is commonly referred to by its French initials of '''BIPM''' and it is one of three such organizations established to maintain the [[Interna ...s poids et mesures'') (CGPM) and the [[International Committee for Weights and Measures]] (French: ''Comité international des poids et mesures'') (CIPM).

...for editors by collecting together those articles that are especially good and drawing attention to the best candidates for approval. Any user, author or ...to initiate the approval process. Please add this page to your watch list and check in frequently.

In chemistry, a '''molecule''' is an aggregate of two or more [[atom]]s in a definite ar <ref>{{cite book|author=Pauling, Linus |title=General Chemistry|location=New York | publisher=Dover Publications, Inc.|year=1970|id=ISBN 04

...is usually made of glass and consists of a small diameter cylindrical stem and a larger diameter float section weighted with [[mercury]] or [[Lead|lead sh ...]] and making [[whiskey]]; refining [[sugar]]; producing [[sulfuric acid]] and other industrial [[chemical]]s.

...tually any subject. Our online community prides itself on being congenial and supportive. Read more about <big>'''[[CZ:About|who we are]]'''</big>. ...on [[CZ:Content_Policy|content]], [[CZ:Objectivity Guidance|objectivity]], and [[CZ:Policy_on_Self-Promotion|no self-promotion or PR]].

...never published. - John Thomson (1859) ''An account of the life, lectures, and writings of Cullen'' Edinburgh, v. 1, p. 259, 432-433.)</ref> ...e I, Kaptchuk TJ. William Cullen and a missing mind-body link in the early history of placebos]</ref>

...brated such that most petroleum liquids will have API gravities between 10 and 70 °API.<ref>[http://corridoreis.anl.gov/glossacro/dsp_wordpopup.cfm?word_ The API gravity scale has been universally adopted and commonly used in the petroleum industry worldwide since the about 1921.

...f the mass of an unbound [[carbon]]-12 (¹²C) [[atom]], at rest and in its ground state. ...Avogadro's number, the mass of ''N_A'' carbon-12 atoms, at rest and in their ground state, is 12 gram ( = 12&times;10^&minus;3 kg). T

...imulatory action. It's binding to plasma albumin is weaker than alprenolol and it may be useful in [[angina]] pectoris, [[hypertension]], or cardiac arrhy ==History==

{{r|France, history}} {{r|Reference conditions of gas temperature and pressure}}

'''August Strindberg''' (1849 - 1912) was a Swedish writer and playwright. ...he was charged with indency. He voluntarily brought the publisher to court and won the case, which served to further increase his popularity.

...ndividual’, although others would trace it (both the origins of sociology, and the despotism) to [[Jeremy Bentham]]’s efforts to ground the authority of ...ociology', which he calls a convenient barbarism (mixing as it does, Latin and Greek).

...tants before they get into the [[natural environment]] ([[air]], [[water]] and [[land]] resources). ...physics]], [[chemistry]] and [[biology]] to the protection of human health and the natural environment.<ref name=Mihelcic/>

...hemical plant]]s, [[Natural gas processing|natural gas processing plant]]s and other industrial sources. ...{cite book|author=Beychok, Milton R.|title=[[Aqueous Wastes from Petroleum and Petrochemical Plants]]|edition=1st Edition|publisher=John Wiley & Sons|year

...ctrical]] engineering. With significant media attention to [[nanoscience]] and [[nanotechnology]] in the recent years, materials science has been propelle == History ==

...tric calculations are taken to be a temperature of 0 °[[Celsius (unit)|C]] and an absolute pressure of 1 [[Atmosphere (unit)|atm]]. ==History==

...ecognized by the [[U.S. Department of Education]] for accrediting programs and institutions which lead to the degree of 'doctor of [[chiropractic]]'. Its :2) by encouraging educational improvement, and

* Newton, Isaac. ''The correspondence of Isaac Newton,'' ed. H. W. Turnbull and others, 7 vols. (1959–77) · ...lem and the Principia: Containing an English Translation of Sections 1, 2, and 3 of Book One from the First (1687) Edition of Newton's Mathematical Princi

...tory.mcs.st-andrews.ac.uk/history/HistTopics/The_Quantum_age_begins.html A history of quantum mechanics] ...esentation makes use of limited mathematics while focusing on the personal and historical perspectives of one of the principal architects of quantum theor

...ric [[pressure]] is 7, whereas the pH of an acidic solution is less than 7 and the pH of a basic solution is greater than 7. The pH scale is [[logarithm]] ...an 7 and is acidic. If it turns blue, the solution has a pH greater than 7 and is acidic. Measuring the actual pH value of a solution is more accurately d

==History== ...after territory was split into [[North Dakota (U.S. state)|North Dakota]] and [[South Dakota (U.S. state)|South Dakota]] in 1889.

...ecosystem” (Harold, F.M., 2001. The Way of the Cell: Molecules, Organisms and the Order of Life, New York: Oxford University Press, p. 232)." </font> ...dge.org/ Edge] Special Event at Eastover Farm (Aug. 27, 2007), with videos and full-text transcript. Summary

...ear=2003|id=ISBN 0-13-142066-6}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|author=F.K. Lutgens and E.J.Tarbuck|title=The Atmosphere: A Introduction to Meteorology|edition=5th ...[pressure]] and [[water]] [[Gas|vapor]]) and their gradients, interactions and how they vary with time.

...[[molecule|molecular]] level to explain how different materials interact, and how they change under varying conditions. ...s. These interactions are called [[chemical reaction|chemical reactions]], and always involve rearrangement of [[electrons]] around the reacting atoms of

...lso refer to a specialized section for the publication of notices, reviews and critiques within a more general purpose publication. It is equally likely, ...ount of all books published in Scotland within the compass of half a year; and ... take some notice of such books published elsewhere, as are most read in

== Brief history of geochronometry == ...eliable method for the measurement of [[time]]. In the eighteenth century, and during most of the nineteenth century, the ideas on the geologic time were

...inosaur]]s. It is used in high temperature apparatus, electrical contacts, and as a hardening agent for platinum. ...t it can be attacked by molten [[salt]]s, such as [[sodium chloride|NaCl]] and [[sodium cyanide|NaCN]].

...oker Club]] and friend of [[David Hume]], [[Adam Smith]], [[James Hutton]] and other leading figures of the [[Scottish Enlightenment]]. ...of the river and city." (from autobiographical memorandum@<ref>''The Life and Letters of Joseph Black'', by Sir William Ramsay, Constable, (1918)</ref>

...known for his well-researched, highly accurate, but passionless and dull ''History of the United States of America'' in six volumes. ...arish much ridden by the controversies between orthodox Congregationalists and Unitarians, he already had been for four years a minister at the Second Con

...ters is in Greeley, CO. The Board develops, administers, analyzes, scores, and reports results from various examinations. Examinations are offered twice a ...s, the state licensing agencies, field practitioners, subject specialists, and a [http://www.nbce.org/publications/pub_analysis.html Job Analysis of Chiro

...[[molecule|molecular]] level to explain how different materials interact, and how they change under varying conditions. ...ifferent substances. These interactions are called [[chemical reaction]]s, and always involve rearrangement of electrons around the reacting atoms of each

...rge 6e (contains 6 protons) and the phosphorus nucleus contains 15 protons and has charge 15e. ...nuclear charge: the nuclear charge is a unique "fingerprint" of an element and ''Z'' labels the chemical elements uniquely.

|Bachelor of Science in Industrial and Organizational Psychology (BSIOP)<br /> |Bachelor of Arts in History (BSH)<br />

...ker>{{cite book|author=Brad Buecker|title=Fundamentals of Steam Generation Chemistry|edition=1st Edition|publisher=Pennwell|year=2000|id=ISBN 0-87814-750-0}}</r ...m from the [[Steam turbine|steam-driven turbines]] in thermal power plants and which is recycled for reuse as the major part of the steam generation feedw

.../history/historic_figures/nobel_alfred.shtml Alfred Nobel (1833-1896)] BBC History</ref>The element [[Nobelium]] was named after him. ...eborg]], and a disastrous one in 1864 killed Alfred's younger brother Emil and several other workers.

...August 14, 1777 &ndash; Copenhagen, March 9, 1851) was a Danish physicist and chemist. He is best known for his discovery of the influence of an electri ...got a degree in pharmacy and received prizes for papers on aesthetics and chemistry; two years later he was awarded a doctorate for a dissertation on Kant’s

...nk.com/content/m260u6rp725841j3/ John Gregory’s Writings on Medical Ethics and Philosophy of Medicine] ...John Gregory and the History of Medical Ethics. ''The Journal of Medicine and Philosophy'' 24:376-95</ref>

...ematics), economics, political theory, geography (especially exploration), and technology (especially the origins of the [[Industrial Revolution]]). ...es, it influenced the whole of Europe including [[Russia, history|Russia]] and Scandinavia, as well as the American colonies in the era of the [[American

...on [[biology]], especially when used in [[agriculture]], [[food science]], and [[medicine]]. It may also be included under the very broad term [[bioengine ...an also be defined as the manipulation of organisms to do practical things and to provide useful products.

...alist, academic and an early proponent of the idea that evolution occurred and proceeded in accordance with natural laws. ...seven-volume work, Histoire naturelle des animaux sans vertèbres (Natural History of Animals without Backbones, 1815-1822).

...mation for use in designing more economical distillation and [[Absorption (chemistry)|absorption]] systems.<ref name=FRI>[http://www.fri.org/ Fractionation Rese ...refining processes|petroleum refining]], [[Petrochemical|petrochemical]], and [[engineering]]-[[construction]] companies.<ref>[http://www.fri.org/public/

...zoyloxy)-8-methyl-8-azabicyclo[3.2.1]octane-2-carboxylate) is an organic [[chemistry|chemical]] compound that belongs to the [[alkaloid]] category. Its chemical ...arket]] is still flourishing. Street names for cocaine include coke, snow, and blow, among others.

{{Image|Atmosphere composition diagram.png|right|537px|The evolution and/or cycles of various elements in Earth's atmosphere<ref>[http://www.climate ...late with other systems.<ref name=Hobbs>{{cite book|author= Peter V. Hobbs and John M. Wallace|title=Atmospheric Science: An Introductory Survey|edition=2

...=lavoisier4>{{cite book|author=Antoine-Laurent Lavoisier|title=Elements of Chemistry: In a new systematic order, containing all the modern discoveries, illustra ...ide]] (HgO), a binary [[ionic compound]] consisting of the mercuric cation and the oxide anion:

...orporates ''all'' of the basic sciences such as [[chemistry]], [[physics]] and [[biology]]. ...dy, experience and practice, is applied with judgement to develop economic and safe ways of converting raw materials or chemicals into more useful product

...[chemistry]], [[physics]] and [[biology]] as well as engineering knowledge and concepts. ...dy, experience and practice, is applied with judgement to develop economic and safe ways of converting raw materials or chemicals into more useful product

...for policy makers on issues such as [[climate change]], [[global warming]] and [[weather forecasting]]. ==History==

'''John Millar''' (June 22, 1715 – May 30, 1801) was a philosopher and historian who played an important part in the [[Scottish Enlightenment]] of ...Logic and Moral Philosophy, and met [[William Cullen]], then professor of chemistry at Glasgow, who was his mother's cousin. After leaving the University, he w

...distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited. ...Editor of the Challenges Series and Professor in the Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey, United S

===Heads of state and Heads of government=== '''Chemistry'''

...l poverty''' arises out of factors of [[rural society]], [[rural economy]] and rural [[political system]]s. A widely shared assumption is that rural pover ...d post-industrial conditions change. By contrast, persistence - continuity and consistency over time - is one of the definitive characteristics of rural p

...nificant rates. Since enzymes are extremely selective for their substrates and speed up only a few reactions from among many possibilities, the set of enz ...e reactions.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Lilley D |title=Structure, folding and mechanisms of ribozymes |journal=Curr Opin Struct Biol |volume=15 |issue=3

...d education on the atmospheric and related oceanic and hydrologic sciences and the advancement of their professional applications. ...sional certification programs, the Certified Broadcast Meteorologist (CBM) and Certified Consulting Meteorologist (CCM) programs.<ref>[http://www.ametsoc.

...Other byproducts are small amounts of [[methane]], [[ethane]], [[propane]] and [[butanes]]. ...sed industrially to produce various products such as hydrogen, [[ammonia]] and [[methanol]] from [[natural gas]], naphtha or other petroleum-derived feeds

...Other byproducts are small amounts of [[methane]], [[ethane]], [[propane]] and [[butanes]]. ...sed industrially to produce various products such as hydrogen, [[ammonia]] and [[methanol]] from [[natural gas]], naphtha or other petroleum-derived feeds

...ature there is wisdom, system, and consistency. For having, in the natural history of this earth, seen a succession of worlds, we may from this conclude that ...rteen years. In 1768, with the farm established and successful, he let it and moved back to Edinburgh, where he lived for the rest of his life, unmarried

...k and calculations of radioactive decay he coined the phrase ''half-life'' and provided definitive evidence for the extreme age of the Earth. ...of measuring time intervals of a hundred-thousandth of a second, designed and built the first modern smoke detector, as a pioneer in acoustic submarine d

.../index_indiv0001740.htm monument] in Washington D.C. commemorates his life and works. Hahnemann's notable works include: .... VI in 1827). Revised editions of volumes I and II were published in 1830 and 1833, respectively.

published research on consciousness, ufos, alternative energy, and many more scientific ...enomena that cross or are outside of the traditional boundaries of science and, for these or other reasons, are ignored or studied inadequately within mai

...>[http://webbook.nist.gov/cgi/cbook.cgi?Name=tetraethyl+lead&Units=SI NIST Chemistry WebBook]</ref> .../4595 Tetraethyl lead, liquid]] From the website of the [[National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration]] (NOAA)</ref>

...Sally J. Daley, ''Organic Chemistry'', www.ochem4free.com, Online organic chemistry textbook.</ref>. ...mpounds that are related to life processes are dealt with in the branch of chemistry which is called [[biochemistry]].

...] [[William Porden]] and his wife Mary Plowman. Her mother was an invalid, and after her older sister's marriage, she nursed her from 1809 until her death ...ed it with an introduction which gives a clear indication of her interests and education:

.../books.google.com/books?id=kmcSAAAAIAAJ John Dalton and the Rise of Modern Chemistry.] New York: Macmillan & Co.</ref>&nbsp;<ref name=britdalton>[http://www.bri ...least absorbable and the others more according as they increase in weight and complexity.*

...name=NAP>{{cite book|author=Commission on Physical Sciences, Mathematics, and Applications (CPSMA), [[National Academies]]|publisher= National Academies ...ts used in industrial chemical reactions are ''heterogeneous'' (see below) and are in the form of porous pellets. Since not all parts of a solid catalyst

...living cells. During [[metabolism]], nutrients are oxidized by glycolysis and released electrons reduce NAD⁺ to [[NADH]]. Since the pool of NA ...tic fermentation'' is the production of lactic acid as well as other acids and alcohols.

...ct of Ascorbic Acid on [[plant]] and [[animal]] species, its use by humans and the higher [[primate]]s, please see [[Vitamin C]].'' *'''Ascorbic acid''' is an [[organic chemistry|organic]] acid with [[antioxidant]] properties. Its appearance is white cr

...was the U.S. representative to the [[NATO]] Military Committee until 1956, and had a final assignment to South Vietnam. ...tember 1918; he commanded the 3d Battalion, 22d Infantry, in France, 1919, and was assistant chief of staff, G–3, of American Forces in Germany, 1920–

*''The Essential Tension: Selected Studies in Scientific Tradition and Change'' University Of Chicago Press (1979)ISBN 0226458067 (''"Kuhn has the ...by Ludwik Fleck, (foreword by Thomas S. Kuhn, edited by Thaddeus J. Trenn, and Robert K. Merton). University Of Chicago Press (1981) ISBN 0226253252

...January 25, 1627 &ndash; London, December 30, 1691) was a British chemist and physicist, mainly known for [[Ideal gas law|Boyle's law]] (1662) that state ...(see [[phosphorus]] for more details about the discovery of the element) and the first to describe [[hydrogen]] gas. Although he was probably the first

...or. While he made major contributions to science policy, arms control, and chemistry, he also saw himself as a teacher: ...m to read more on his own or to take further courses that will be rigorous and complete.</blockquote>

...en <math>\log_b(a) = c,</math> where <math>b</math> is called the ''base'' and <font style="vertical-align:-5%;"><math>c</math></font> is the logarithm. I == Logarithms of intermediate and fractional values ==

...symbol]] O, [[atomic number]] (number of [[protons]]) ''Z''&nbsp;=&nbsp;8, and a [[Atomic mass#Standard atomic weights of the elements|standard atomic wei ...s, sand) and other elements. It is a constituent of water (H₂O) and accounts for 20.95% of the dry air in the [[Earth's atmosphere]]. Oxygen ga

...trand de Jouvenel]], [[Dennis Gabor]], [[Oliver Markley]], [[Burt Nanus]], and [[Wendell Bell]].<ref>[[Wendell Bell|Bell, W.]] (1997). ''Foundations of Fu | year = 1967}}</ref> and Herman Kahn, who dealt with avoiding undesirable military futures.<ref>{{ci

...particles is based on the number of [[proton]]s found in their [[nucleus (chemistry)|nuclei]], the so-called [[atomic number]]. So far, 118 elements are known ...r that they exist in at a temperature of 273.15 [[kelvin (unit)|K]] (0 °C) and at a pressure of 100,000 [[pascal (unit)|Pa]] (&asymp; 1 atm) is usually al

...talloid]], polonium is chemically similar to [[tellurium]] and [[bismuth]] and occurs in [[uranium]] ores. Polonium has been studied for possible use in h ...ity|soluble]] in [[alkali]]s. It is closely related chemically to bismuth and tellurium. Polonium (in common with ²³⁸Pu) has the ability to be

...hat [[vitamin C]] is an essential nutrient for humans, however, as the '''history of vitamin C''' shows, it took a long time before this was generally recog ...''"scurvy is solely owing to a total abstinence from fresh vegetable food, and greens; which is alone the primary cause of the disease."''

...g discovery''' is the process by which [[medication|drugs]] are discovered and/or designed. ...the [[molecular biology|molecular]] and [[physiology|physiological]] level and to target specific entities based on this knowledge.

...orldwide production followed by [[India]] with 8.9%, [[Russia]] with 8.2%, and the [[United States of America]] with 6.5%. Without such massive production ==History of ammonia manufacturing processes==

...orldwide production followed by [[India]] with 8.9%, [[Russia]] with 8.2%, and the [[United States of America]] with 6.5%. Without such massive production ==History of ammonia manufacturing processes==

...or oil burning [[power plants]], residential and industrial [[furnaces]], and other forms of fuel [[combustion]]. ...ly low concentrations, poisons the [[noble metal]] catalysts ([[platinum]] and [[rhenium]]) in the [[catalytic reforming]] units that are subsequently use

...e|Lavoisier.jpg|right|350px|Jacques-Louis David: Antoine-Laurent Lavoisier and his wife (Marie-Anne-Pierrette Paulze (1758-1836) in 1788}} ...ndish]] that the reaction of [[hydrogen]] with oxygen gives pure [[water]] and he gave the correct interpretation of this reaction. Lavoisier was also on

...enan spectral classification” <ref>Note: based on the work of Annie Cannon and other astronomers from the Harvard College Observatory</ref><ref>[http://ww ==History==

...or oil burning [[power plants]], residential and industrial [[furnaces]], and other forms of fuel [[combustion]]. ...ly low concentrations, poisons the [[noble metal]] catalysts ([[platinum]] and [[rhenium]]) in the [[catalytic reforming]] units that are subsequently use

...]], [[Nobel Prize in Literature|Literature]], [[Nobel Peace Prize|Peace]], and [[Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine|Physiology or Medicine]].<br>[[The ...rnational events that receive worldwide coverage by the print media, radio and television."<ref name=ceremony/>

...ehow must have given rise to the earliest cells, the basic building blocks and working units of all living things on Earth. We must discover the character ...The universal nature of biochemistry, by Norman R. Pace]</ref>&nbsp;&nbsp;and metabolism<ref>Smith E., Morowitz HJ. (2004) Universality in intermediary m

...o create [[lactic acid]] in sour [[food]]s such as [[pickle]]s, [[kimchi]] and [[yoghurt|yogurt]]. The science of fermentation is known as zymology. ...anol]], or other [[redox|reduced]] [[metabolite]]s. Yeast produces ethanol and CO₂; human muscle (under anaerobic conditions) produces lactic a

...r=James H. Gary and Glenn E. Handwerk|title=Petroleum Refining: Technology and Economics|edition=2nd Edition|publisher=Marcel Dekker|year=1984|id=ISBN 0-8 ...rocracking products are essentially free of sulfur and nitrogen impurities and consist mostly of [[Hydrocarbons|paraffinic]] hydrocarbons.

|iupac= see chemistry section ...heart rate variability during mental performance tasks, physical exercise, and daily life in stable postinfarct patients |journal=Circulation |volume=92 |

...s Select Committee on Science and Technology, Sixth Report, "Complementary and Alternative Medicine") ...tive Medicine"; Chapter 3: Patient satisfaction, the role of the therapist and the placebo response</ref>

...social)|race]] for a more general treatment of the concept of human races, and see [[subspecies]] for the concept of "race" as applied to all species; the ..." (often capitalized) was used in the scientific literature of [[biology]] and [[anthropology]] as a technical term in both of those disciplines to refer

...which describes the relation between electric current and magnetic field and [[Ampere's equation]], which gives the force between two current carrying w ...d not receive a formal education&mdash;he was tutored by his farther&mdash;and was a child prodigy. At the age of thirteen he submitted his first mathemat

...] or [[limestone]]. <ref name=Schnelle>{{cite book|author=Karl B. Schnelle and Charles A. Brown|title=Air Pollution Control Technology>|edition= |publishe ...ries to limit the amount of sulfur dioxide [[emission]]s from power plants and other industrial facilities.

...ermodynamics''' is the mathematical study of the interrelation of [[heat]] and [[thermodynamic work|work]] with [[chemical reactions]] or with a physical ...rs = Boerio-Goates, Juliana | title = Chemical Thermodynamics – Principles and Applications | publisher = Academic Press | year = 2000 | id = ISBN 0125309

...or more, so as to disperse the exhaust [[pollutant]]s over a greater area and thereby reduce the [[ground-level concentration]] of the pollutants to comp ...within residential abodes, restaurants, hotels, or other public buildings and small commercial enterprises, their flue gas stacks are referred to as "chi

...y fractions of about a dozen other varieties of carbon atoms contain fewer and greater numbers of neutrons than 6-7.<ref>[http://periodictable.com/Element ...ormous amount of information about the world, if just a little imagination and thinking are applied.

...one of the three [[domain]]s of life, along with [[Eukaryotes|Eukaryota]] and [[Eubacteria|Bacteria]]. Like those of bacteria, the cells of archaea lack == History ==

...ubfield of [[chemistry]] dealing with [[radioactivity]], nuclear processes and nuclear properties. It includes the study of: ...clear accidents|accident]]). An important area is the behaviour of objects and materials after being placed into a waste store or otherwise disposed of.

*Lane, Nick. The Vital Question: Energy, Evolution, and the Origins of Complex Life (Kindle Locations 4094-4101). W. W. Norton & Co ...estion provides a solution to life’s vital question: why are we as we are, and indeed, why are we here at all?

...er than we ''can'' suppose….I suspect that there are more things in heaven and earth'''<br> ...r than we ''can'' suppose...I suspect that there are more things in heaven and earth than are dreamed of, or can be dreamed of, in any philosophy.

...apex of the inner dark core and the tip due to convection(rising of heat) and airflow of oxygen.}} ...hermal (heat-producing) [[chemistry|chemical]] reaction between [[oxygen]] and a [[fuel]] source ([[wood]], or [[gasoline]], for example). In this reacti

...les. This is a cornerstone of modern sciences. The distinguished scientist and Nobel Laureate [[Richard Feynman]] wrote, in 1963: ...ormous amount of information about the world, if just a little imagination and thinking are applied." <ref> Richard Feynman (1963). ''Six Easy Pieces: Fun

...g [[romantic love]]. French artist [[Jacques-Louis David]] painted ''Cupid and Psyche'' in 1817.]] ...or idea or concept. While the term varies considerably across cultures and history, it often means feelings of "warm attachment, enthusiasm, or devotion".<ref

...tory'''''. Today, it is recognized as one of the world's leading science and technology institutes. Since 2006, LANL has been managed and operated by [[Los Alamos National Security, LLC]] (LANS).<ref name=LANS/>

...-280-0}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|author=James G, Speight|title=The Chemistry and Technology of Petroleum|edition=Fourth Edition|publisher=CRC Press|year=200 ...ng processes largely determined by the refinery location, desired products and economic considerations. There are most probably no two refineries that are

.../sub>(PO₄)₆F₂), substances found in teeth and bones. Many cell signaling cascades in living organisms operate by a serie Both [[red phosphorus]] and [[tetraphosphorus trisulfide]] are used in common matches because they are

...ymbol]] P, [[atomic number]] (number of [[protons]]) ''Z''&nbsp;=&nbsp;15, and a [[Atomic mass#Standard atomic weights of the elements|standard atomic wei .../sub>(PO₄)₆F₂), substances found in teeth and bones. Many cell signaling cascades in living organisms operate by a serie

.... ''The Universe Within: Discovering the Common History of Rocks, Planets, and People (p. 2)". Random House, Inc.. Kindle Edition. ...tions— ones that extend back billions of years before the presence of life and of Earth itself. Written inside us is the birth of the stars, the movement

...k|author=Gary, J.H. and Handwerk, G.E.|title=Petroleum Refining Technology and Economics|edition=2nd Edition|publisher=Marcel Dekker, Inc.|year=1984|id=08 ...containing hydrogen sulfide derived from refining [[petroleum crude oil]] and other industrial facilities.

...ents, and to blend the art of medicine along with science in the education and training of physicians. ==European, African and Asian healing methods==

...ientific accomplishments rivalling that of any other nation at any time in history. ...c belief in the ability of man to effect changes for the better in society and nature, guided only by reason.

...-280-0}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|author=James G, Speight|title=The Chemistry and Technology of Petroleum|edition=Fourth Edition|publisher=CRC Press|year=200 ...ng processes largely determined by the refinery location, desired products and economic considerations. There are most probably no two refineries that are

...ame=Kheir>{{cite book|author=Naim A. Kheir (Editor)|title=Systems Modeling and Computer Simulation|edition=2nd Edition|publisher=CRC Press|year=1996|id=IS ==History==

...is nearly colorless, tasteless, and odorless. Its [[molecular structure]] and other properties are discussed in one of the sections below. ...acier]]s, icy roads, [[Humidity|humid]] [[weather]], [[cloud]]s, [[rain]], and [[snow]]. Pure [[gas]]eous water above its [[boiling point]] is called ''[

...9-856676-X}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|author=Ashley H. Carter|title=Classical and Statistical Thermodynamics|edition=|publisher=Prentice-Hall|pages|p. 1|year ...], which are useful for determining conditions for [[dynamic equilibrium]] and [[spontaneous process|spontaneous processes]].

Avogadro's ''constant'' and ''number'' have by definition the same numerical value. In practice the two ...'N''_A is named after the Italian physicist [[Amedeo Avogadro]], and the Loschmidt constant ''L'' is named after the Czech-Austrian physicist [[

...Greek for ''haima'' or blood, 'chroma' from the Greek ''chroma'' or color, and 'osis', denoting a morbid or abnormal process) ...hromatosis/ Iron Overload and Hemochromatosis] Centers for Disease Control and Prevention</ref> eventually causing organ dysfunction.

...oup of non-singular [[matrix (mathematics)|matrices]] under multiplication and the group of [[Inverse function|invertible functions]] under [[Function com ...ty, quantum mechanics, [[particle physics]], chemistry, computer graphics, and others.

...up includes removing underlinking, will the links have to be reinserted as and when those new (related) articles come up in CZ? But will anyone be trackin ...cles,'' but only red links to nonexistent templates, pictures, categories, and interwiki links. --[[User:Larry Sanger|Larry Sanger]] 21:56, 11 March 2007

...we drink. It protects us from [[meteors]] and harmful [[solar radiation]] and warms the Earth's surface by [[heat]] retention. In effect, the atmosphere ...be nearly zero. This climbs in other regions to about 3% on extremely hot and humid days. The upper limit, approaching 4%, is for tropical areas.

...(MOs). The branch of chemistry that studies MO theory is called [[quantum chemistry]]. ...''N''_nuc nuclei in the molecule, let ''A'' run over the nuclei and let there be ''n''_''A'' AOs on the ''A''-th nucleus, then the MO

...beyond Earth and how can we detect it? What is the future of life on Earth and in the universe? ...dies of the potential of life to adapt to future challenges, both on Earth and in [[space]].

...aw, sugar cane, algae, and many other byproducts derived from agricultural and forestry production as well as other sources. Since biomass derives from pl The [[fossil fuels]] ([[coal]], [[Petroleum crude oil|petroleum]] and [[natural gas]]) are currently thought to have been formed from prehistoric

Holt asserted that children learn through the experiences of life, and he encouraged parents to live their lives with their child. Also known as i ...ation of firearms or the internal combustion engine, or politics and local history by following a zoning or historical-status dispute. While any type of homes

...nology</ref> The result is the [[design]], [[Mass production|production]], and operation of useful [[object (philosophy)|object]]s or [[Process (general)| ==History and Etymology==

...<ref name=Marks>{{cite book|author=Eugene A. Avallone, Theodore Baumeister and Ali Sadegh (Editors)|title=Marks' Standard Handbook for Mechanical Engineer ...pounds of [[silicon]], [[aluminium]], [[iron]], [[calcium]], [[magnesium]] and others).

...thus regaining youth. As people get older, their health worsens, strength and intelligence are thought to diminish, beauty is thought by many to go away. ==Historical and cultural background==

* Trans. into French by Brunnow, and published in Dresden by Arnold in 1824 ; 2d edition of same, 1832. * Into Italian by Guranta, and also by Fransesco Romano.

...d=ISBN 0-07-142294-3}}</ref><ref>{{cite book| author=McCabe, W., Smith, J. and Harriott, P.|edition=7th Edition|title=[[Unit Operations of Chemical Engine ...|gases]] such as [[hydrogen]], [[oxygen]], [[nitrogen]], and [[helium]]), and other low-temperature processing.

|elClass=Can behave like a Metal and a Non-Metal ...[chemical symbol]] H, [[atomic number]] (number of [[protons]]) ''Z'' = 1, and a [[Atomic mass#Standard atomic weights of the elements|standard atomic wei

...te book|author=Frank G. Kerry|title=Industrial Gas Handbook:Gas Separation and Purification|edition=|publisher=CRC Press|year=2007|id=ISBN 0-8493-9005-2}} ...process]] (i.e., a constant [[entropy (thermodynamics)|entropy]] process) and the low pressure exhaust gas from the turbine is at a very low [[temperatur

*''[[Beyond This Horizon]]'', 1948 (initially serialized in 1942, and at that time credited to Anson MacDonald) *''[[Sixth Column]]'', 1949 (initially serialized in 1941, and at that time credited to Anson MacDonald) (aka: ''The Day After Tomorrow'')

:[[Chemistry ]] :[[Games]] and [[Hobbies]]

...rical development and theoretical underpinnings of the sociobiology debate and later scientific controversy. ...ces readers to scientific methods that have played a prominent role in the history of scientific practice.

...et (12 articles per set), just sign your name below. Edit a section below and place <nowiki>~~~</nowiki> ('''three''' tildes) in the appropriate place. ...ycle]] - [[Special:Allpages/Biotechnology and plant breeding|Biotechnology and plant breeding]]

...liquid form of the natural gas that people use in their homes for cooking and for heating, ...es. The resultant liquefied natural gas contains about 95% or more methane and it is a

...otably in the life sciences, engineering, humanities, economics, sociology and the social sciences".<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol ...was elected to the ceremonial position of Chancellor by a ballot of staff and alumni in June 2008.<ref>Defeating [[Irene Khan]]. See ''University of Manc

...[[computational chemistry]], [[quantum chemistry]], [[particle physics]], and [[nuclear physics]]. ...ohn von Neumann]], [[Paul Dirac]], [[Albert Einstein]], [[Wolfgang Pauli]] and [[List of physicists#Famous physicists of the 20th century|others]]. Some f

...hile explosives and incendiary|incendiaries are indeed chemical compounds, and may even be poisonous if ingested, because their major military effect is t '''Use''' of chemical (and biological) warfare is banned by the 1925 Geneva Protocol <ref name=Geneva1

...|Fluid Catalytic Cracker (from left to right: Distillation column, Reactor and Regenerator)}} ...[octane rating]]. It also produces byproduct gases that are more olefinic, and hence more valuable, than those produced by thermal cracking.

...erts that the functioning of a living organism cannot result from physical and chemical forces alone. Where vitalism explicitly invokes an immaterial 'vit ...tern traditions proposed similar forces, such as [[qi]] in [[acupuncture]] and [[prana]] in [[Yoga]].

[[Image:Rottweiler mal 2.jpg||thumb|right|400px|The male and female Rottweiler are distinct in appearance. The larger male, with his box ...owners train them to be. Proper socialization and integration into human and canine society as puppies, coupled with quality obedience training, is thou

...try, the "periodic law" or "periodic system" (van Spronsen 1969; Mendeleev and Jensen 2002; Saint Petersburg Encyclopedia). ...y and night, keeping himself going with a mixture of drive, determination, and strong Russian tea (Adler 2002).</font></p>

...means to ascertain the foundational constructs that underpin both thought and action. ...rmer dealing with the classical paradigms established through observations and theoretical reports of the past.

...a scientific discipline, the comparative method of organismal [[biology]], and [[functional anatomy]], the essence of which is that the knowledge of struc ...aubenton as the Professor of Natural History at the ''College de France'', and in 1802, on Merrud’s death, Cuvier was appointed to succeed him, redefini

...a fish, a human &mdash; that can sustain the activity of [[Life|living]], and reproduce progeny that resemble it. In other words, biologists can readily ...lular organisms such as [[plant (organism)|plant]]s, [[animal]]s, [[fish]] and [[Fungus|fungi]] are more prominent in the everyday world of unaided visual

Familiar '''chemical elements''' include [[oxygen]], [[copper]], [[gold]], and [[mercury]]&mdash;among 94 naturally occurring chemical elements on [[Earth ...of elements, even our opinions are, in a sense, properties of the elements and hence inhabitants of the kingdom...The kingdom is not an amorphous jumble o

...believe in a personal deity who takes a direct interest in human affairs, and reject the idea that there is an intelligent designer separate from that de ...ome intelligent designer created everything. Did that designer create good and evil? Did the designer have a purpose for man? These questions are not aske

...nominee or vote for an existing nominee, click ''edit'' for this section and follow the instructions''' ...r a specialist supporter using <nowiki>~~~</nowiki> to add your name, date and time. Any subsequent supporters, separate your name from the other(s) by ''

...of [[hydrocarbon]]s of various [[molecular weight]]s plus other [[Organic chemistry|organic compound]]s. ...title=De Natura Fossilium |year=1546}} Translated in 1955 by Mark C. Bandy and Jean A. Bandy </ref> The [[Greek language|Greek]] word for petroleum is ''�

...s V. Judson ''Weights and Measures Standards of the United States. A brief history'' (1976)</ref><ref>[http://physics.nist.gov./Pubs/SP447/app5.pdf Appendix 5 ...tomary units are still widely used in industry, [[engineering]], marketing and the general public of the United States.

...dard|monetary standard]] used by the [[International Monetary Fund]] (IMF) and the [[Bank for International Settlements]] (BIS). Its [[ISO 4217|ISO curren ...of gold), [[atomic number]] (number of [[protons]]) ''Z''&nbsp;=&nbsp;79, and a [[Atomic mass#Standard atomic weights of the elements|standard atomic wei

== Are subgroup Editors' names and Authors's names automatically found and listed? == ...Chemical Engineering subgroup's [[:Category:Chemical Engineering Editors]] and I manually added the 4 authors' names into [[:Category:Chemical Engineering

...les.''' 12 squares can be arranged into a rectangle with sides of length 3 and 4, so 12 is not a prime number. There is no way to form a full rectangle mo ..., namely 1 and itself. The first few prime numbers are 2, 3, 5, 7, 11, 13, and 17. A prime number <math>p</math> cannot be factored as the [[multiplicatio

...fe span]] varies with susceptibility to disease, [[accident]], [[suicide]] and [[murder|homicide]], whereas maximum life span is determined by "rate of ag ...humans has remained about 115&minus;120 calendar years throughout recorded history, despite steady improvements in [[life expectancy]]. Reduction of infant mo

...ral world through observation and experiment: [e.g.,] the world of science and technology. [Also] a particular area of this: [e.g.,] veterinary science | * Empirical sciences, such as all [[natural sciences|natural]] and [[social sciences]] &nbsp;&mdash; by 'empirical' we mean '''<font color=#15

...ence is to progressively explain high level concepts by concepts at a more and more basic level. :1. Ontological: An organism is composed exhaustively of nonliving atoms and life processes do not involve non-material entities

...ty]] and [[magnetism]], but he also made very significant contributions in chemistry. .... --> which brought about the [[electrification]] of industrial societies, and his work in [[electrochemistry]] is now widely used in the field of [[chemi

...azy, unhealthy [[Air pollution|polluted air]] that accumulates over cities and other regions under certain conditions. ...itted to the [[atmosphere]] from vehicular [[internal combustion engine]]s and industrial plants, that react in the atmosphere with sunlight to produce s

* '''[[CZ:Eduzendium|Eduzendium]]''' continues, and articles are currently underway. Please take caution if you stumble across ...e Week]] and [[Archive:New Draft of the Week|New Draft of the Week]] pages and nominate or vote for your choice for next week

...dder|feed]], [[fiber]] and other goods by the systematic raising of plants and animals. ...ential to food/feed/fiber production, including all techniques for raising and processing [[livestock]] no less than those essential to [[domestication|cr

...ty]] and [[magnetism]], but he also made very significant contributions in chemistry. .... --> which brought about the [[electrification]] of industrial societies, and his work in [[electrochemistry]] is now widely used in the field of [[chemi

:*practices, rituals, rules, shared experiences, and other behavioral expectations :*promotional and legal claims to be a religion

...tated bibliography of the most important and useful English language books and articles on [[World War I]]. as selected by the editors. * Editors of ''American Heritage''. ''History of WWI''. 1964.

...ial objects and phenomena. Astrophysics has two subdivisions: theoretical, and applied or experimental. *formation and evolution

...] and histologic pathology, along with a detailed knowledge of [[anatomy]] and understanding of [[Scientific method|investigative methods]]. ...duated responsibilities, so that the resident surgeon would be experienced and adept at the finish of the program. Rather than merely observing in the ope

...'' an online party! It's also an excuse for infrequent wikiers to show up and party hardy; to exchange ideas with people we might not "meet" otherwise. ...s on January 5th, 1200 UTC, when it starts being Wednesday in New Zealand, and ends on January 7th, 1200 UTC, when it finishes being Wednesday in Hawaii.

...evelopment of Western Thought''' is a book written by [[Thomas S. Kuhn]] and published in 1957 by Harvard University Press. ...ot appear in it;<ref>Except that "paradigm" appears in the preface (p. ix) and on p. 222, at both places in its conventional meaning.</ref> the book is mo

...eadings should be chnaged from Column 1 to '''High Priority''', and cols 2 and 3 should be '''Lower Priority'''? Otherwise, the meaning of these columns i ...a) brainstorming, b) prioritising. Since I'm doing performance arts, film and I haven't even TOUCHED hobbies yet. Oy! Feel free to jump on in here! [[U

...'' an online party! It's also an excuse for infrequent wikiers to show up and party hardy; to exchange ideas with people we might not "meet" otherwise. ...s on October 6th, 1200 UTC, when it starts being Wednesday in New Zealand, and ends on October 8th, 1200 UTC, when it finishes being Wednesday in Hawaii.

...er)|compiler]] can still translate a Fortran program written in, say, 1959 and prepare it to run on a present day computer. ...guage. This is because traditionally the Fortran compilers have been&mdash;and still are&mdash;strong in the optimization of computationally intensive tas

...u.edu/photosyn/education/photointro.html An Introduction to Photosynthesis and Its Applications.]</ref> ...pes of photosynthesis: anoxygenic photosynthesis, oxygenic photosynthesis, and rhodopsin-based photosynthesis.

.... The word cryobiology (from the Greek words "cryo" = cold, "bios" = life, and "logos" = science) literally signifies the science of life at low temperatu ...ID 1435395 }}</ref>. Cryonics is viewed with skepticism by many scientists and medical doctors, although scientists are well represented among advocates o

...o a marker that echoes each individual society’s [[history]], [[culture]], and [[ethnicity]]. ...]. There is archaeological evidence of roasted foodstuffs, both [[animal]] and [[vegetable]], in human (''[[Homo erectus]]'') campsites dating from the fi

'''Thomas Jefferson High School for Science and Technology''' ...ional Consortium for Specialized Secondary Schools of Mathematics, Science and Technology]].

...'' an online party! It's also an excuse for infrequent wikiers to show up and party hardy; to exchange ideas with people we might not "meet" otherwise. ...on November 3rd, 1200 UTC, when it starts being Wednesday in New Zealand, and ends on November 5th, 1200 UTC, when it finishes being Wednesday in Hawaii.

...'' an online party! It's also an excuse for infrequent wikiers to show up and party hardy; to exchange ideas with people we might not "meet" otherwise. ...s on January 5th, 1200 UTC, when it starts being Wednesday in New Zealand, and ends on January 7th, 1200 UTC, when it finishes being Wednesday in Hawaii.

...ries to answer questions including those about the origin of the universe, and the existence of [[life]] outside [[Earth]]. ...igion|religious]] beliefs (e.g., [[heaven]]). The coexistence of practical and mystical aspects led to the belief that celestial events

...les.''' 12 squares can be arranged into a rectangle with sides of length 3 and 4, so 12 is not a prime number. There is no way to form a full rectangle mo ..., namely 1 and itself. The first few prime numbers are 2, 3, 5, 7, 11, 13, and 17.

.... It is a medium sized snake that is very common throughout Southeast Asia and the eastern regions of South Asia. This species causes more human fatalitie ==Etymology and taxonomic history==

...used in the first few months of the pilot project (and even before that!) and has since been deprecated in favor of the lists created by our [[CZ:Workgro ...od": Religion and Philosophy) on the Forums? Where? It's a good question and I have been worrying about it (as I worry about many things) for some time.

...le since their meaning is acquired and inferred from one’s innate concepts and environment. |As a result, although languages evolved differently and the sounds by which primes are expressed differ from one language to the ne

...use of mathematical and mechanical models to explain the entire universe, and thus he was a central figure in the [[The Enlightenment|Enlightenment]]. ...little more than two years old, his mother, Hannah (1610–1679), remarried, and his upbringing was taken over by his maternal grandmother.

...earth creationists]], for instance, believe that the Earth is between six and ten thousand years old, when science states that it is about 4.55 billion y ...[[Old Earth creationists]] accept the age figures supplied by astronomers and geologists.

...or any sample recovered from the earth, including [[Rock (geology)|rocks]] and [[mineral]]s.<ref name="MacRae"/> Today, the use of "fossil" is limited to ...tion certain environments are more suitable for fossilization than others, and some environments will yield no fossil remains through time.

...rrosion]]-resistant, [[Density (chemistry)|dense]], [[ductility|ductile]], and [[malleability|malleable]] blue-gray [[transition metal]] ...lumbum''), [[atomic number]] (number of [[protons]]) ''Z''&nbsp;=&nbsp;82, and a [[Atomic mass#Standard atomic weights of the elements|standard atomic wei

...f the materials that make up the body, the healing of [[Injury|injuries]], and the [[Biological reproduction|reproduction]] of the [[organism]], among man ...stions come from a desire to understand nature, rather than to control it; and, in answering these, biological investigation has changed our view of the w

...}Homemade basic white bread whose only ingredients are flour, water, salt, and yeast.]] ...day our daily bread", and bread has often been called "the staff of life." And a "bread-winner" denotes a household's main economic contributor who may ha

...'' an online party! It's also an excuse for infrequent wikiers to show up and party hardy; to exchange ideas with people we might not "meet" otherwise. ...n September 30th, 1200 UTC, when it starts being Wednesday in New Zealand, and ends on October 2nd, 1200 UTC, when it finishes being Wednesday in Hawaii.

...e="Locus interview" /> is a popular American writer of [[science fiction]] and [[Fantasy (storytelling)|fantasy]] who has been active since the 1990's. W Wells has also written the fantasy series ''[[Ile-Rien]]'' and ''The Books of the Raksura.''

...cts of human life in all geographic regions of all time periods, both past and present.}} ...and present tell us about our future?'' Anthropology seeks to answer these and many other fundamentally humanistic questions.

...ostasis]]; [[Hormesis|hormesis]]; the self-healing of [[Injury|injuries]]; and, the [[Biological reproduction|reproduction]] of the [[organism]], among ma ...nswering these, biological investigation has changed our view of the world and our place in it.

...tration</ref>. As well as being a regulatory agency, it both does research and works with clinical trials. Currently, the FDA is divided into eight major centers and offices:

...t is generally not an aggressive species, but its potentially lethal venom and habit of living in close proximity to humans make it a constant threat wher ...|journal=Annals and Magazine of Natural History including Zoology, Botany, and Geology |volume=IX |pages=482–492}}</ref> The [[genus|generic]] name ''na

...nsettled issues. Much of this discussion is collected from Internet forums and other unreliable sources. We welcome updates with better sourcing. ...present a problem because they remain chemically bound in the liquid fuel and are not released. However, this is misleading because it only applies to th

...efit to humankind.<ref>Christoph Riedweg, ''Pythagoras: His Life, Teaching and Influence'', trans. Steven Rendall (Cornell UP, 2005), pp 5&ndash;6, 59, 73 ...ce said that "number is the ruler of forms and ideas and the cause of gods and demons."

...ublishing over seventy papers mostly related to [[light]], [[heat]], food, and [[cooking]]. During his time in the military, his work with cannons led hi ...ciety]] in England in 1779, being knighted by [[King George III]] in 1781, and being ennobled to Count of the [[Holy Roman Empire]] by the Duke of Bavaria

Scientists and philosophers of science commonly have used the term '''emergence''' to refe {{cite book |title=Self-organization and Emergence in Life Sciences |chapter=Introduction |author=Bernard Feltz, Mar

...isc]]s (ed), [[wing disc]]s (wd), [[leg disc]]s (ld), [[mouth hook]]s (mh) and [[gonads]] (gd). Magnification: Schematic view of brain hemispheres (b), ey ...of the different cellular [[allometry|scaling]] rules that apply to rodent and primate brains, primates always concentrate larger numbers of neurons in th

...ten form [[multicellular]] [[colony|communities]] in which different roles and even distinct structures are assumed by different cells. In this figure sho ...sional cells with a distinct appearance. These are known as 'heterocysts', and they are biochemically specialized to fix [[atmosphere|atmospheric]] [[nitr

...hout the body including the [[skin]], blood vessels, [[heart]], [[lung]]s, and [[muscle]]s. About 60% of RA patients are unable to work 10 years after the ...ans "resembling", i.e. resembling rheumatic fever. ''Arthr'' means "joint" and the suffix -''itis'', a "condition involving inflammation". Thus rheumatoid

...s about science. In this sense the philosophy of science must be empirical and not merely tautological. ...s of [[science]], including the [[formal science]]s, [[natural science]]s, and [[social sciences]]. It includes study of:

...ctors because it has visible and showy white and dark blue-purple flowers; and ''H. valenzuelana'' is sometimes collected due to the uniqueness of their f ...ica]] to [[Ecuador]] and [[Venezuela]], [[Caribbean]] and southeast, south and central regions of Brazil.

...f name="pmid16391221">{{cite journal| author=Garfield E| title=The history and meaning of the journal impact factor. | journal=JAMA | year= 2006 | volume= ...in ''[[Journal Citation Reports]]''. Some related values, also calculated and published by the same organization, are:

...nown to contain the [[stimulant]] [[caffeine]] as well as [[antioxidants]] and other plant chemicals ([[phytochemical]]s). Coffee is typically [[brewing| ...[Mexico]], [[Puerto Rico]], and [[Vietnam]] are the top ''Coffea'' growing and exporting [[country|countries]].

...s which maintain most of the [[steady state]]s in the body are so complex, and are so peculiar to the living organism, that it has been suggested (Cannon, ...subsystems, inducing states of activity outside of their relatively stable and optimal ranges &mdash; the "steady states" he referred to in his definition

:<i>See also</i>: [[Electricity]] and [[Maxwell's equations]] ...photon]]s, uncharged, energetic particles exchanged by interacting charges and currents.<ref name=photon/>

...ems the word applies to; it includes transgenerational molecular evolution and [[Biolinguistics|language evolution]], for example. ...ations. Thus evolution in a broad sense is ''descent with modification'', and often ''with diversification''."</font><ref name=futuymaevobiol98>Futuyma D

...uencies include a ''fundamental frequency'' (the lowest frequency present) and multiples of this basic underlying frequency called ''overtones'', ''harmon ...spects of a sound also affect its pitch, namely, its loudness (amplitude), and its temporal evolution ([[Envelope function#Example: Sound envelope|sound e

...e'' particular combinations of symptoms in healthy people can also, in low and specially prepared doses, help to ''cure'' people whose disease has similar ...elatively small number of licensed homeopaths, and by some medical doctors and other licensed health practitioners as an alternative or a complement to co

....), and makes specific predictions about the outcome of future experiments and observations. Sometimes a critical experiment would never have been done wi ...1iUC The Theoretical Biologist's Toolbox: Quantitative Methods for Ecology and Evolutionary Biology.] Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0521830451, ISBN 97

...relies on interpersonal [[communication]] between a [[therapy|therapist]] and a client. Most forms of psychotherapy use only [[spoken language|conversat ...ied]], and [[licensure|licensed]], with a range of different certification and licensing requirements in force internationally. Psychotherapists may be p

...about half the general population in developed countries use complementary and alternative medicine",<ref>{{citation | title = Obstacles to research in complementary and alternative medicine.

...when he retired as professor of the [[University of California, Berkeley]] and as associate director of the [[Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory]]. ...rity clearance hearings of [[J. Robert Oppenheimer]], his former colleague and director of the [[Los Alamos Laboratory]].

...iers focus both on weaknesses of their investigatory and analytic methods, and criticisms of the specific claims regarding the Holocaust. ...ay that these claims are be based upon flawed research, biased statements, and deliberately falsified evidence.<ref>Evans, Lying about Hitler</ref> The [[

...used fuel this is done in a [[hot cell]]. A combination of nondestructive and destructive methods are used. ...After major accidents the core (or what is left of it) is normally sampled and then the samples are subjected to PIE in order to find out what happened. O

...e:Szinyei Merse, Pál - Lovers (1869).jpg|350px|right|alt=Painting of a man and woman, well dressed, the man lying down with his head in the woman's lap.|R ...ne human for another which is characterized by deep feelings of connection and intimacy. It is often seen as being intricately enmeshed with the sex drive

...f the Indian [[States and territories of India|state]] of [[Maharashtra]], and is the most populous [[List of cities in India|city]] in [[India]] (estimat ...05 Population & 2015 Projection]</ref> The city has a deep natural harbour and the port handles over half of India's passenger traffic, along with a signi

...ironment, law, arts and social sciences, engineering, business, computing, and music.<ref>{{cite web |title=National University of Singapore (NUS) |url=ht .... As of 2022–2023, NUS is 11th worldwide according to QS <ref name=":2" /> and 19th worldwide according to THE.<ref name="the2022">{{Cite web |last= |firs

==National Center for Complementary and Alternate Medicine (NCCAM): Research Report on Homeopathy== ...om a NCCAM report, [http://nccam.nih.gov/health/homeopathy/#info Questions and Answers About Homeopathy.] Readers can download the NCCAM report: [http://

...erized by [[emotional dysregulation]], extreme "black and white" thinking, and chaotic relationships.<ref name="pmid15288745">{{cite journal| author=Lieb ...ion]] can also be demonstrated. <ref name="DSM-IV-TR">(2004). ''Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders DSM-IV-TR'' (Text Revision). Washing

...ch Council|National Research Council]] (NRC) which was to be held in 1986, and first appeared in print in 1988 when entomologist [[E. O. Wilson]] used it ...e. It is generally used to equate to a concern for the natural environment and nature conservation. This use has coincided with the increasing concern ove

:''Object(s) of worship:''Ahura Mazda ("Wise Lord," essentially God), and other good spirits ...hich good and evil were separate; (2) the present in which they are mixed; and (3) a future when they will be separated again, after a final war.

...molten salt ever gets too hot, a plug at the bottom of the reactor melts, and the fuel is drained. No operator intervention is required. The reactors are ...ered to be relatively safe because the fuel is already dissolved in liquid and they operate at lower pressures than do conventional nuclear reactors, whic

...[abdominal]] pain, and bloating associated with alteration of bowel habits and abdominal discomfort relieved with [[defecation]] are the most frequent sym ...] criteria positive. This condition is more homogenous, being mostly IBS-D and is drawing much clinical investigation.

...y knows what entropy really is [..]”. M. Tribus, E. C. McIrvine, ''Energy and information'', Scientific American, vol. '''224''' (September 1971), pp. 17 ...ropy. The dimensions of molar entropy are energy per absolute temperature and number of moles [SI unit: joule/(K&middot;mole)].

This represents a timeline of the history of [[Edinburgh]], up to the present day. :'''Late 1st century''': [[Roman Empire|Roman]] [[brooch]] and fine [[pottery]] from this period have been found

...is a reasonable being; and as such, receives from science his proper food and nourishment: But so narrow are the bounds of human understanding, that litt ...ulate [[Theory#Science|theories]] that encompass whole domains of inquiry, and which bind supported hypotheses together into logically coherent wholes. Th

...t of two important characteristics: systems have a hierarchical structure, and the structure is held together by numerous linkages to construct very compl ...2006> Trewavas A. (2006) [http://dx.doi.org/10.1105/tpc.106.042267 A Brief History of Systems Biology]. ''Plant Cell'' 18:2420-2430].</ref></p>

...adults – and has developed reliable means of [[Pain assessment|measuring]] and of treating it. ...s which have caused whole generations of children to suffer unnecessarily, and to inform caregivers about the possibilities for helping the baby in pain.

...ggregate]] (generally [[gravel]] and [[sand]]), [[water (molecule)|water]] and admixtures. ...ructures, [[brick]]/[[block]] walls and [[footing]]s for gates, [[fence]]s and [[pole]]s.

This article covers the '''history of the [[Netherlands]]''' for the last 2000 years. For contemporary issues == Early history==

...ar repair]] or [[rejuvenation (aging)|rejuvenation]] of deteriorated cells and tissues. ...nce it is developed, which given the rapidly advancing state of biogenetic and general medical technology, could conceivably occur within the lifetimes of

...is a reasonable being; and as such, receives from science his proper food and nourishment: But so narrow are the bounds of human understanding, that litt ...ulate [[Theory#Science|theories]] that encompass whole domains of inquiry, and which bind supported hypotheses together into logically coherent wholes. Th

...rom: Robinson R. (2007) [http://10.1371/journal.pbio.0050054 Both barriers and trait complementarity govern pollination network structure.] ''PLoS Biol'' ...(2003) [http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00114-002-0389-9 Autopoiesis: a review and a reappraisal] ''Naturwissenschaften'' 90:49-59 PMID 12590297.

...http://www.wildlife-pictures-online.com/black-mamba.html Black mamba myths and Other snake stories] at ''Wildlife Conservation - Lower Zambezi National Pa ==Taxonomy and etymology==

...ales 1996</ref> [[tetanus toxin]],<ref name=Simpson1986>Simpson 1986</ref> and [[tetrodotoxin]].<ref name=Kiernan2005 /> ...eaton2000 /> [[antitoxin]]<ref name=Thyagarajan2009>Thyagarajan 2009</ref> and ethanol<ref name=Takadera1990>Takadera 1990</ref> administration.

...f the nervous system. The spine remains the focus of chiropractic therapy and spinal adjustments to alleviate subluxations are still used by the professi Chiropractic has won public acceptance and has become the most established of the alternative medical professions in t

...o referred to as the ''First World War'', and sometimes the ''Great War'', and in writing, ''WW I''. It was also called the war to end all wars, but [[Wo ...rmany. The U.S. cooperated with the Allies but did not formally join them, and it negotiated peace separately. The Central Powers collapsed in November, 1

...f the nervous system. The spine remains the focus of chiropractic therapy and spinal adjustments to alleviate subluxations are still used by the professi Chiropractic has won public acceptance and has become the most established of the alternative medical professions in t

...most prosperous city in the UK, behind [[London, United Kingdom|London]], and is Europe's sixth largest financial centre.<ref>'[https://www.scotsman.com/ ...supper|Burns Night]] (25th January), [[St. Andrew]]'s Day (30th November), and the [[Beltane Fire Festival]] (30th April).<ref>'''Edinburgh Festivals

...plos.org/plosbiology/article?id=10.1371/journal.pbio.0050054 Both barriers and trait complementarity govern pollination network structure.] ''PLoS Biol'' ...ms biology|living systems]] and to explain their [[Origin of life|origin]] and [[biodiversity]] &mdash; in short, in an attempt to define '''life'''.

...e Base, Georgia, United States. The tunnel behind the engine muffles noise and allows exhaust to escape.}} ...]s, [[turbofan]]s, [[rocket]]s, [[ramjet]]s, [[scramjet]]s, [[pulse jet]]s and [[pump-jet]]s. In general, most jet engines are [[internal combustion engin

...information; the analyst must correlate the similarities among deceptions and extract a common truth. Although its practice is found in its purest form i ...noid but realistic, especially in the areas of intelligence cycle security and its subdiscipline counterintelligence. The WWII German term of counterintel

...In {{cite book |author=Harris, James W. |title=Ascorbic acid: biochemistry and biomedical cell biology |publisher=Plenum Press |location=New York |year=19 ...intake has declined the most drastically in the course of human evolution, and

...mes Jupiter's. Pluto's diameter is slightly less than one-fifth of Earth's and it is now classed as a [[Dwarf planet|dwarf planet]]. The planets are not s ...solar system body|small bodies]]: [[asteroid]]s, [[comet]]s, [[meteor]]s, and [[interplanetary dust cloud|interplanetary dust]]. The Solar System orbits

...905 (his "[[Annus Mirabilis Papers|wonderful year]]" or "miraculous year") and "for his services to Theoretical Physics". ...s become synonymous with great [[intelligence (brain power)|intelligence]] and [[genius]].

...he "radical difference that holds between our access to our own experience and our access to the experience of all other human beings", known as the epist ...t it is possible for a given entity to be known. It includes both subjects and objects.

...]], such as having a [[metabolism]]].</ref> <!--DNA is an enormously long and narrow biological [[molecule]] usually packaged in very compact structures ...of proteins, some common to most cells, while others are more specialized and help to define the functions of that particular cell type.

...st exotic species are [[epiphyte]]s, many orchids are also [[terrestrial]] and [[saprophytic]]. ...orchids such as ''[[Vanilla]]''. A few orchids have insignificant flowers and are grown for their [[leaf|foliage]].

...st exotic species are [[epiphyte]]s, many orchids are also [[terrestrial]] and [[saprophytic]]. ...orchids such as ''[[Vanilla]]''. A few orchids have insignificant flowers and are grown for their [[leaf|foliage]].

|title=Pages and "pages" ...h it also generalizes about the cognitive impact of the whole [[Internet]] and [[World Wide Web]].<ref name="THESUN">{{cite news |title=Computing The Cost

...uctures including emitted or reflected sounds, pressure waves, vibrations, and magnetic field or ionosphere disturbances.<ref name=FM2-0>{{citation | title = Chapter 9: Measurement and Signals Intelligence

...al [[molecule]] that is vital in providing information for the development and reproduction of living things. Every living organism has its own DNA sequen ...e of the chemical nature of these bases, adenine always pairs with thymine and guanine always pairs with cytosine. This ''complementarity'' forms the basi

#Identify our goals for the charter and for Citizendium. '''Ongoing: see the [http://forum.citizendium.org/index.ph ...| [[CZ:Charter drafting/Editors, authors, and approval|Editors, authors, and approval]]

...an the physician (or the therapy) was heroic, flourished between the 1780s and 1850s.[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heroic_medicine Online 06/05/06] [http://www.chiro.org/Plus/History/Persons/PalmerDD/DDs_LIFELINE_Chronology.PDF pg11]