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...se current ''i_B''. Thus, Kirchhoff's current law applied to the transistor as a whole provides the output current drawn through resistor ''R<sub>C</su ...e bipolar transistor ''i_B'' is normally negligible provided the transistor remains in [[Mode (electronics)|active mode]]. That is, based upon the idea

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...istor]] (MOSFET), present by the millions in [[integrated circuit]]s. This transistor was invented by Dawon Khang and Martin Atalla in 1960, another [[Bell Labor ...cheaper, require less power, and obtain faster switching times. The first transistor was made from materials that included a paper clip and a razor blade.

...toff mode''') and the '''on-mode''' (or '''saturation mode''' in [[bipolar transistor]]s, or '''ohmic mode''' for [[MOSFET]]'s), and visits the active mode only ...fers to its ''active mode'', while the ''saturation mode'' of the bipolar transistor invariably refers to its ''on'' mode. This confusion of terminology does no

...appropriate selection of the DC current source it can be arranged that the transistor is configured to operate usefully, that is, it is in [[Mode (electronics)|' ..._in'' is applied to the base. The emitter-to-base voltage of the transistor is hardly affected by the signal, and remains very nearly at the quiescent

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...e-to-air missile]], and also was the first company to produce commercial [[transistor]]s.

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It was the first [[semiconductor]] used to make commercial [[transistor]]s.

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{{r|Metal Oxide Semiconductor Field Effect Transistor}}

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{{r|Metal-oxide-semiconductor field-effect transistor}}

An '''Organic Field-Effect Transistor (OFET)''' is a class of [[thin film transistor]]s based on [[organic semiconductor]]s.

...appropriate selection of the DC current source it can be arranged that the transistor is configured to operate usefully, that is, it is in [[Mode (electronics)|' ...or is very small compared to that in the emitter (lower by a factor of the transistor β). As the signal alters the emitter current, the collector current follow

...that incorporates an emitter degeneration [[resistor]] for only the output transistor, enabling the current source to generate low currents using only moderate r The Widlar circuit may be used with [[bipolar transistor]]s, [[MOSFET|MOS transistors]], and even [[vacuum tube]]s. An example appli

==Bipolar transistor== {{main|Bipolar transistor}}

...ge|Bipolar current mirror with emitter resistors.PNG|left|200px| [[Bipolar transistor]] [[current mirror]]: ''I₁'' is the ''reference current'' and ' ...or 1 / ''g_m'' connected across ''r_&pi;''. The second transistor ''Q₂'' is represented by its [[hybrid-pi model]]. Table 1 below

...an insulating layer, then by metal tracks, which link power supplies and [[Transistor|transistors]] to form the required circuit.These transistors, interconnecte

...aw_diagram_(2004).jpg|thumb|350px|Growth of [[Electronic switch#Transistor|transistor counts]] for [[Intel]] processors (dots) and Moore's Law (upper line, 18 mo '''Moore's law''' is the prediction that the [[Electronic switch#Transistors|transistor]] density inside [[integrated circuit]]s will double every two years, and t

...works in principle for a transconductance amplifier, while the second two-transistor example shows the approach to more complex cases using a current amplifier. ===Single-stage transistor amplifier===

...lanar bipolar transistor.PNG|right|200px|A planar ''npn'' bipolar junction transistor as might be constructed in a [[integrated circuit]].}} ...s]], the '''bipolar transistor''', more completely the '''bipolar junction transistor''', is a three-terminal [[semiconductor|semiconductor device]] used for swi

...properly. This minimum voltage is dictated by the need to keep the output transistor of the mirror in [[Mode (electronics)|active mode]]. The range of voltages ===Basic bipolar transistor mirror===

| '''number of transistors''' || 6,000 transistor on die

*'''1966''', launched the first mono transistor amplifier, the 50 and 50/E, for the professional market. ...'', launched 303 stereo amplifier for domestic use, accompanied by the all-transistor QUAD 33 control unit. Discontinued around 1985.

...te between and change these states. Prior to commercial acceptance of the transistor, [[electromechanical relay]]s and [[vacuum tube]]s (thermionic valves) were ===Discrete transistor and IC CPUs===

...bly more powerful than its predecessors which had less than ten thousand [[transistor]]s incorporated on their surfaces &ndash; the earliest Pentiums had over a

...ric motors, transformers, speed controllers, wiring codes and grounding, [[transistor]]s, digital, etc. Easy to read and understand, up to an elementary level o

...t is exposed to a luminous source and then either works like a switch or a transistor. It can therefore process information. The photo cycle of bacteriorhodopsin

...by the gate, the so-called [[field effect]]. This [[Transistor#Transistors|transistor]] was invented by Dawon Khang and Martin Atalla in 1960, at [[Bell Laborato ...at opposite sides of the gate called ''source'' and ''drain''. Because the transistor is symmetrical, they can swap their functions. They do not permit current f

...set of differential equations, and circuits containing [[Electronic switch#Transistor|transistors]] may require the engineer to solve [[transcendental equations]

..., however the same theory applies to more modern devices such as [[bipolar transistor]]s and [[MOSFET]]s. ..._X'' in the base lead of the [[hybrid-pi model]] for the bipolar transistor can be influential in determining the amplifier roll-off when these transis

...tegrated_circuit/history/|title=The History of the Integrated Circuit: The Transistor vs. the Vacuum Tube (The Nobel Foundation) Copyright © Nobel Web AB 2007 |

...it nodes; typical uses for this includes operational amplifier feedback or transistor biasing. The majority of resistors in a circuit have fixed resistance value

* {{search link|transister||ns0|ns14|ns100}} (transistor)

...ocesses and [[tool | device]]s, such as the [[Electronic switch#Transistor|transistor]], whether in [[basic research | basic]] or [[applied research]]. [[Experim

With the birth of the [[transistor]] in 1947, and the silicon transistor in 1954, the concept of ICs became a reality. The introduction of the [[pla ...peed, low-input current designs started to be made by using [[Field-effect transistor|FET]]s. These would be largely replaced by op-amps made with [[MOSFET]]s in

...nel shows the corresponding small-signal circuit obtained by replacing the transistor with its [[hybrid-pi model]]. The objective is to find the return ratio of

...ore, by the 1960s they were replaced by the [[Electronic switch#Transistor|transistor]], a new device which performed the same task as the tube but was much smal In the 1960s and 1970s, the transistor itself was gradually replaced by the [[integrated circuit]], which placed m

...d to the invention of the [[diode]] and the [[Electronic switch#Transistor|transistor]], which are indispensable for modern [[electronics]].

...nic devices used to provide gain (for example, [[vacuum tube]]s, [[Bipolar transistor]]s, [[MOSFET]]s) are [[nonlinear]]. Negative feedback is a circuit techniq

...r Medicine]] in 1963. Complex input/output relationships form the basis of transistor-based computations in computers, and are thought to figure similarly in neu

...elements used to create the CPU, such as a [[Electronic switch#Transistor|transistor's]] threshold level.</ref>

# [[Transistor]]

...r=Yannis Tsividis, Colin McAndrew |title=Operation and modeling of the MOS transistor |edition=3rd ed |year=2010 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=0195170

<td rowspan="3"> For semiconductors and their discovery of the transistor effect