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==The | {{TOC|right}} | ||
==The historical background to present-day Europe== | |||
:''(covering only developments that are deemed relevant to the present character of Europe)'' | |||
===The European heritage=== | |||
: [[Ancient Greece]] | : [[Ancient Greece]] | ||
: The [[Roman Empire]] ( | :: - the poetry of [[Homer]] (the [[Iliad]] and the [[Odyssey]]) | ||
: [[The | :: - the philosophy of [[Plato]] and [[Aristotle]] and the concept of [[democracy]] as a system of government | ||
: | :: - the mathematics of [[Euclid]] and [[Pythagoras]] | ||
==The | :: - the histories of [[Acusilaus]], [[Apollodorus]], [[Herodotus]], [[Heraclides]], [[Thucydides]] and [[Xenophon]] | ||
:: - the dramas of [[Aeschylus]] and [[Euripides]] | |||
: The [[Roman Empire]] | |||
:: - the rule of law and ''Pax Romana''<ref>[http://www.unrv.com/early-empire/pax-romana.php ''Pax Romna'']</ref>: | |||
:: - the poetry of [[Virgil]] (the [[Aeneid]]) | |||
: [[Christianity]] | |||
:: - the teachings of [[Augustine of Hippo]] and the other patristic philosophers<ref>[http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/medieval-philosophy/ ''Medieval Philosophy'', Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy, 2009]</ref>: a doctrine of passive obedience to authority | |||
:: - the politics of the [[Holy Roman Empire]]<ref>[http://www.historyworld.net/wrldhis/PlainTextHistories.asp?historyid=aa35 ''History of the Holy Roman Empire'', historyworld.net]</ref> and the reign of [[Charlemagne]] | |||
: [[Islam]] | |||
:: - the mathematics and poetry of the Abbasid culture<ref>[http://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/p003hyfd ''The Abbasid Caliphs'', BBC iplayer, 2006]</ref><ref>[http://www.maa.org/devlin/devlin_0708_02.html Keith Devlin: ''The Mathematical Legacy of Islam'', American Mathematical Association, 2002]</ref>, | |||
:: - [[Omar Khayyam]]. | |||
: [[Renaissance]] | |||
:: - the cultural movement that spanned roughly the 14th to the 17th century, beginning in Florence in the Late Middle Ages and later spreading to the rest of Europe. | |||
:: - the art of [[Michelangelo]] and [[Benini]] <ref>[http://www.cosmolearning.com/documentaries/civilisation/14/ Kenneth Clark: ''Grandeur and Obedience'' (episode 7 of the BBC series ''Civilisation'', video of the BBC 1969 broadcast)]</ref> | |||
: [[The Enlightenment]] | |||
:: - the philosophical writings of [[Denis Diderot]], [[Thomas Hobbes]], [[John Locke]], [[Jean-Jacques Rousseau]] that gave priority to the power of reason over the claims of authority. | |||
:: - the scientific method: [[Galileo]] on the importance of observation, and [[Isaac Newton]] on the [[History of scientific method#Isaac Newton|rules of reasoning]]. | |||
===The development of European nation states=== | |||
:1648: Treaty of Westphalia | :1648: Treaty of Westphalia | ||
:: - created the '' | :: - created the ''Westphalian System''[http://home.earthlink.net/~tebrister/westphalia.htm] of European [[sovereign state]]s. | ||
:1713: Treaty of Utrecht | :1663: Thomas Newcomen[http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/historic_figures/newcomen_thomas.shtml] (1663 - 1729) and the [[Industrial Revolution#Steam engine|development of the steam engine]]. | ||
:1815: Congress of Vienna | :1689: The [[Glorious Revolution]] establishes the duties of the monarchy | ||
:: - redefined the territorial map of Europe following the defeat of [[Napoleon]]; | :1690: [[John Locke]] ''Two Treatises on Government'' - the proposition that government is legitimate only if it is exercised in the interests of the governed. | ||
:1918: The collapse of Austro-Hungary, and the proclamation of the separate republics of Austria and Hungary. | :1711: [[David Hume]] (1711-1776) Scottish philosopher, economist, and historian. He is considered one of the most important figures in the history of Western philosophy and the [[Scottish Enlightenment]]. | ||
:1713: Treaty of Utrecht[http://www.llanito.net/utrecht.htm] | |||
:: - separated France from Spain; ceded the Spanish Netherlands to Austria; ceded Gibraltar and parts of Canada to Britain. | |||
:1723: [[Adam Smith]] (1723-1790) Scottish moral philosopher and political economist (1723-1790), a major contributor to the modern perception of free market economics; author of Wealth of Nations (1776) | |||
:1789: [[French Revolution]] - The replacement of the monarchy with a Republic. | |||
:1791: [[Thomas Paine]]'s ''The Rights of Man'' <ref>[http://www.ushistory.org/paine/rights/ Thomas Paine: ''The Rights of Man'', UShistory.org]</ref> | |||
:1799-1815 [[Napoleonic Wars]]<ref>[http://www.historyofwar.org/articles/wars_napoleonic.html ''Napoleonic Wars'', Historyof War.org]</ref> - between France and other European countries including Austria, Russia and Britain. | |||
:1806: Dissolution of the Holy Roman Empire and formation of the Federation of the Rhine[http://chnm.gmu.edu/revolution/d/516/]. | |||
:1815: Congress of Vienna[http://www.victorianweb.org/history/forpol/vienna.html] | |||
:: - redefined the territorial map of Europe following the defeat of [[Napoleon]]; including the creation of the Confederation of Germany | |||
:1818: [[Karl Marx]] (1818-1883) philosopher and economist. Creator of a theoretical foundation for Communism | |||
:1867: [[Ausgleich|Austro-Hungarian Compromise]] | |||
:: - united Austria with Hungary. | |||
:1914-18 [[First World War]] | |||
:1917: October Revolution[http://www.marxists.org/history/ussr/events/revolution/index.htm] | |||
:: - the seizure of power by [[Lenin]]'s Bolsheviks, from the provisional government that had been formed by the revolutionary uprising of of February 1917. | |||
:1918: The Treaty of St Germain[http://www.historylearningsite.co.uk/treaty-st-germain.htm].The collapse of Austro-Hungary, and the proclamation of the separate republics of Austria and Hungary. | |||
:1919: Paris Peace Conference (1919-1920) | :1919: Paris Peace Conference (1919-1920) | ||
:: - concluded the treaties of Versailles (with Germany), St Germain (with Austria), Trianon (with Hungary), Neuilly (with Bulgaria), Sèvres and Lausanne (with Turkey). | :: - concluded the [[Treaty of Versailles|treaties of Versailles]] (with Germany), St Germain (with Austria), Trianon (with Hungary), Neuilly (with Bulgaria), Sèvres and Lausanne (with Turkey). | ||
: | :1929-35: [[Great Depression]] | ||
:1946: Paris Peace Conference (1946-1947) | :1933: [[Adolf Hitler]] and [[Nazi Party]] takes power in Germany | ||
:: - concluded peace treaties with Bulgaria, Finland, Hungary, | :1939-45 [[Second World War]] | ||
:1946: Paris Peace Conference (1946-1947)[http://www.austlii.edu.au/au/other/dfat/treaties/1948/2.html] | |||
:: - concluded peace treaties with Bulgaria, Finland, Hungary, Romania and Italy. | |||
==The | ===The development of a union of nation states=== | ||
:1949: Treaty | :1946: The partition of Germany<ref>[http://www.germanplaces.com/about-germany/history-germany/history-east-and-west.html ''Germany - Two states for 40 years'', Germanplaces.com]</ref> - between West Germany and communist East Germany | ||
:: - created the Council of Europe | :: [[Winston Churchill]]'s ''Iron Curtain'' speech<ref>[http://www.historyguide.org/europe/churchill.html Winston Churchill's Iron Curtain Speechl]</ref> - the east/west division of Europe | ||
:1957: Treaty of Rome | :1949: North Atlantic Treaty<ref>[http://www.nato.int/cps/en/natolive/official_texts_17120.htm ''North Atlantic Treaty'', official text]]</ref> - created [[NATO]] | ||
:1973: Conference on Security and Co-operation in Europe | :: Treaty of London (1949) - created the [[Europe#Council of Europe|Council of Europe]]<ref>[http://conventions.coe.int/Treaty/Commun/QueVoulezVous.asp?NT=001&CM=8&DF=23/01/05&CL=ENG ''Statute of the Council of Europe'', 1949]</ref> | ||
:1989: Fall of the Berlin Wall | :1953: [[Europe#Human Rights|Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms]] | ||
:1990: German reunification | :1954: [[Europe#The Brussels Treaty| Brussels Treaty]]<ref>[http://www.ena.lu/brussels_treaty_17_march_1948-020302282.html ''The Brussels Treaty'', European Navigator, 2006]</ref> - created the Western Union involving Belgium, France, Luxembourg, the Netherlands and the United Kingdom. | ||
:1991: Collapse of the Soviet Union | :1957: Treaty of Rome <ref>[http://www.hri.org/MFA/foreign/treaties/Rome57/BH343.txt ''Treaty establishing the European Community'', Rome, 25 March 1957]]</ref> - created the European Community: a customs union that included Belgium, France, Germany, Italy, Luxembourg, and the Netherlands | ||
:1992: Treaty of Maastricht | ::: - ''for further accessions see the [[European Union/Timelines|European Union timeline]]'' | ||
:1973: Conference on Security and Co-operation in Europe - and the signing in 1975 of the Helsinki Final Act<ref>[http://www.osce.org/who/item/43960 ''Signing of the Helsinki Final Act'', OSCE.2010]</ref> - which created the [[Europe#Organisation for Security and Cooperation|Organisation for Security and Cooperation in Europe]] | |||
:1985: [[Europe#The Schengen Agreement|The Schengen Agreement]] for border crossings without passport checks. | |||
:1989: Fall of the [[Berlin Wall]] - the symbolic destruction of the fortified barrier between east and west Berlin | |||
:1990: German reunification<ref>[http://www.germanculture.com.ua/library/facts/bl_reunification_aftermath.htm ''The Reunification of Germany and Its Aftermath'', German Culture.com]</ref> | |||
:1991: Collapse of the [[Soviet Union]] and the beginning of the [[Yugoslav Wars]] | |||
:1992: Treaty of Maastricht<ref>[http://eur-lex.europa.eu/en/treaties/dat/11992M/htm/11992M.html ''Treaty on European Union'', Official Journal C 191, 29 July 1992]</ref> - created the [[European Union]]: an extension of the European Community embodying political as well as economic collaboration, and the [[Eurozone#European Economic and Monetary Union|European Economic and Monetary Union]] (subsequently referred to as the [[eurozone]]) | |||
:: -''for subsequent treaties see the [[European Union/Timelines|European Union timeline]]'' | |||
:1994: Opening of the Channel tunnel | :1994: Opening of the Channel tunnel | ||
: | :2008-10: [[Great Recession]] | ||
: | :: - ''see the [[Great Recession/Timelines|Great Recession timeline]]'' | ||
:2010: [[Eurozone crisis]] - a financial crisis concerning, at first, the [[fiscal sustainability]] of the [[PIIGS]] members of the European Monetary Union, and subsequently the survival of the eurozone. | |||
:: - ''see the [[Eurozone crisis/Timelines|Eurozone crisis timeline]]'' | |||
==References== | |||
{{reflist|3}} | |||
Latest revision as of 05:40, 19 September 2013
The historical background to present-day Europe
- (covering only developments that are deemed relevant to the present character of Europe)
The European heritage
- Ancient Greece
- - the poetry of Homer (the Iliad and the Odyssey)
- - the philosophy of Plato and Aristotle and the concept of democracy as a system of government
- - the mathematics of Euclid and Pythagoras
- - the histories of Acusilaus, Apollodorus, Herodotus, Heraclides, Thucydides and Xenophon
- - the dramas of Aeschylus and Euripides
- The Roman Empire
- Christianity
- - the teachings of Augustine of Hippo and the other patristic philosophers[2]: a doctrine of passive obedience to authority
- - the politics of the Holy Roman Empire[3] and the reign of Charlemagne
- Islam
- - the mathematics and poetry of the Abbasid culture[4][5],
- - Omar Khayyam.
- Renaissance
- - the cultural movement that spanned roughly the 14th to the 17th century, beginning in Florence in the Late Middle Ages and later spreading to the rest of Europe.
- - the art of Michelangelo and Benini [6]
- The Enlightenment
- - the philosophical writings of Denis Diderot, Thomas Hobbes, John Locke, Jean-Jacques Rousseau that gave priority to the power of reason over the claims of authority.
- - the scientific method: Galileo on the importance of observation, and Isaac Newton on the rules of reasoning.
The development of European nation states
- 1648: Treaty of Westphalia
- - created the Westphalian System[1] of European sovereign states.
- 1663: Thomas Newcomen[2] (1663 - 1729) and the development of the steam engine.
- 1689: The Glorious Revolution establishes the duties of the monarchy
- 1690: John Locke Two Treatises on Government - the proposition that government is legitimate only if it is exercised in the interests of the governed.
- 1711: David Hume (1711-1776) Scottish philosopher, economist, and historian. He is considered one of the most important figures in the history of Western philosophy and the Scottish Enlightenment.
- 1713: Treaty of Utrecht[3]
- - separated France from Spain; ceded the Spanish Netherlands to Austria; ceded Gibraltar and parts of Canada to Britain.
- 1723: Adam Smith (1723-1790) Scottish moral philosopher and political economist (1723-1790), a major contributor to the modern perception of free market economics; author of Wealth of Nations (1776)
- 1789: French Revolution - The replacement of the monarchy with a Republic.
- 1791: Thomas Paine's The Rights of Man [7]
- 1799-1815 Napoleonic Wars[8] - between France and other European countries including Austria, Russia and Britain.
- 1806: Dissolution of the Holy Roman Empire and formation of the Federation of the Rhine[4].
- 1815: Congress of Vienna[5]
- - redefined the territorial map of Europe following the defeat of Napoleon; including the creation of the Confederation of Germany
- 1818: Karl Marx (1818-1883) philosopher and economist. Creator of a theoretical foundation for Communism
- 1867: Austro-Hungarian Compromise
- - united Austria with Hungary.
- 1914-18 First World War
- 1917: October Revolution[6]
- - the seizure of power by Lenin's Bolsheviks, from the provisional government that had been formed by the revolutionary uprising of of February 1917.
- 1918: The Treaty of St Germain[7].The collapse of Austro-Hungary, and the proclamation of the separate republics of Austria and Hungary.
- 1919: Paris Peace Conference (1919-1920)
- - concluded the treaties of Versailles (with Germany), St Germain (with Austria), Trianon (with Hungary), Neuilly (with Bulgaria), Sèvres and Lausanne (with Turkey).
- 1929-35: Great Depression
- 1933: Adolf Hitler and Nazi Party takes power in Germany
- 1939-45 Second World War
- 1946: Paris Peace Conference (1946-1947)[8]
- - concluded peace treaties with Bulgaria, Finland, Hungary, Romania and Italy.
The development of a union of nation states
- 1946: The partition of Germany[9] - between West Germany and communist East Germany
- Winston Churchill's Iron Curtain speech[10] - the east/west division of Europe
- 1949: North Atlantic Treaty[11] - created NATO
- Treaty of London (1949) - created the Council of Europe[12]
- 1953: Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms
- 1954: Brussels Treaty[13] - created the Western Union involving Belgium, France, Luxembourg, the Netherlands and the United Kingdom.
- 1957: Treaty of Rome [14] - created the European Community: a customs union that included Belgium, France, Germany, Italy, Luxembourg, and the Netherlands
- - for further accessions see the European Union timeline
- 1973: Conference on Security and Co-operation in Europe - and the signing in 1975 of the Helsinki Final Act[15] - which created the Organisation for Security and Cooperation in Europe
- 1985: The Schengen Agreement for border crossings without passport checks.
- 1989: Fall of the Berlin Wall - the symbolic destruction of the fortified barrier between east and west Berlin
- 1990: German reunification[16]
- 1991: Collapse of the Soviet Union and the beginning of the Yugoslav Wars
- 1992: Treaty of Maastricht[17] - created the European Union: an extension of the European Community embodying political as well as economic collaboration, and the European Economic and Monetary Union (subsequently referred to as the eurozone)
- -for subsequent treaties see the European Union timeline
- 1994: Opening of the Channel tunnel
- 2008-10: Great Recession
- - see the Great Recession timeline
- 2010: Eurozone crisis - a financial crisis concerning, at first, the fiscal sustainability of the PIIGS members of the European Monetary Union, and subsequently the survival of the eurozone.
- - see the Eurozone crisis timeline
References
- ↑ Pax Romna
- ↑ Medieval Philosophy, Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy, 2009
- ↑ History of the Holy Roman Empire, historyworld.net
- ↑ The Abbasid Caliphs, BBC iplayer, 2006
- ↑ Keith Devlin: The Mathematical Legacy of Islam, American Mathematical Association, 2002
- ↑ Kenneth Clark: Grandeur and Obedience (episode 7 of the BBC series Civilisation, video of the BBC 1969 broadcast)
- ↑ Thomas Paine: The Rights of Man, UShistory.org
- ↑ Napoleonic Wars, Historyof War.org
- ↑ Germany - Two states for 40 years, Germanplaces.com
- ↑ Winston Churchill's Iron Curtain Speechl
- ↑ North Atlantic Treaty, official text]
- ↑ Statute of the Council of Europe, 1949
- ↑ The Brussels Treaty, European Navigator, 2006
- ↑ Treaty establishing the European Community, Rome, 25 March 1957]
- ↑ Signing of the Helsinki Final Act, OSCE.2010
- ↑ The Reunification of Germany and Its Aftermath, German Culture.com
- ↑ Treaty on European Union, Official Journal C 191, 29 July 1992