Surface condenser
Surface condenser is the commonly used term for a water-cooled shell and tube heat exchanger installed on the exhaust steam from the steam turbines that drive the electrical generators in thermal power plants.[1][2][3][4] These surface condensers are heat exchangers which convert steam from its gaseous to its liquid state at a pressure below atmospheric pressure.
Purpose
In thermal power plants, the primary purpose of a surface condenser is to condense the exhaust steam from a steam turbine at as low a pressure as possible and to obtain pure water (referred to as steam condensate) so that it may be reused in the steam generator or boiler as boiler feed water.
The steam turbine itself is a device to convert the heat in steam to mechanical work. The difference between the enthalpy of the inlet steam to a turbine and the enthalpy of the exhaust steam represents the heat which is converted to mechanical work. Therefore, the larger the enthalpy difference between inlet steam and exhaust steam, the higher is the amount of work delivered by the turbine. Condensing the exhaust steam of a turbine at a pressure below atmospheric pressure, increases that enthalpy difference and therefore increases the work output of turbine. The water-cooled surface condensers used on the steam turbine exhausts in large power plants usually operate at an absolute pressure of about 35 to 40 mmHg which is far below the typical atmospheric pressure of 760 mmHg.
Most of the heat liberated by condensing the exhaust steam is transferred to and carried away by the cooling medium (water or air) used by the surface condenser.
Where water is in short supply or unavailable, an air-cooled condenser is often used. however, an air-cooled condenser is significantly more expensive and cannot achieve as low a steam turbine exhaust pressure as a surface condenser.
Diagram of water-cooled surface condenser
The adjacent diagram depicts a typical water-cooled surface condenser as used in power stations to condense the exhaust steam from a steam turbine driving an electrical generator.[2][3][5][6] There are many fabrication design variations depending on the manufacturer, the size of the steam turbine, and other site-specific conditions.
Shell
The shell is the condenser's outermost body and contains the heat exchanger tubes. The shell is fabricated from carbon steel plates and is stiffened as needed to provide rigidity for the shell. When required by the selected design, intermediate plates are installed to serve as baffle plates that provide the desired flow path of the condensing steam. The plates also provide support that help prevent sagging of long tube lengths.
At the bottom of the shell, where the condensate collects, an outlet is installed. In some designs, a sump (often referred to as the hotwell) is provided. Condensate is pumped from the outlet or the hotwell for reuse as boiler feedwater.
For most water-cooled surface condensers, the shell is under vacuum during normal operating conditions.
Vacuum system
The internal vacuum in the shell of a water-cooled surface condenser is most commonly supplied by and maintained by an external steam-jet ejector system.[7][8] Such an ejector system uses steam as the motive fluid to remove any non-condensible gases that may be present in the surface condenser.
The Venturi effect, which is a particular case of Bernoulli's equation, applies to the operation of steam-jet ejectors.
Motor driven mechanical vacuum pumps, such as liquid ring type vacuum pumps, are also used for this service.
Tube sheets
At each end of the shell, a steel sheet of sufficient thickness is provided, with holes for the exchanger tubes to be inserted. The inlet end of each tube is also bellmouthed for streamlined entry of water. This is to avoid eddies at the tube inlets giving rise to erosion, and to reduce flow friction. To take care of length-wise expansion of the tubes, some designs may have expansion joints (pleated steel bellows) between the shell and the tube sheets allowing the latter to move longitudinally.
Tubes
Generally the tubes are made of stainless steel, copper alloys such as brass or bronze, cupro nickel, or titanium depending on various criteria. The tube lengths range up to about 55 ft (17 m) for modern power plants, depending on the size of the condenser. The outer diameter of the condenser tubes typically ranges from 3/4 inch (19 mm) to 1-1/4 inch (32 mm), based on condenser cooling water friction considerations and overall condenser size.
Cooling water inlet and outlet
Each end of the condenser shell is closed by a box cover referred to as a waterbox, connected to the tube sheet or condenser shell by a flange. The waterbox is usually provided with manholes on hinged covers to allow periodic inspection and cleaning.
The inlet and outlet waterboxes also have flanges for connecting to the inlet and outlet water lines. They also have small, valved air vents at the top of the boxes and valved drains at the bottom of the boxes for use during periodic maintenance shutdowns.
Other applications of surface condensers
- Large steam turbines in petroleum refineries and petrochemical plants
- Vacuum evaporation
- Vacuum refrigeration[9]
- Ocean thermal energy conversion (OTEC)[10]
- Replacing barometric condensers in steam-driven injector systems
- Geothermal energy recovery
- Desalination systems
References
- ↑ Robert Thurston Kent (Editor in Chief) (1936). Kents’ Mechanical Engineers’ Handbook, 11th Edition. John Wiley & Sons (Wiley Engineering Handbook Series).
- ↑ 2.0 2.1 Babcock & Wilcox Co. (2005). Steam: Its Generation and Use, 41st Edition. ISBN 0-9634570-0-4.
- ↑ 3.0 3.1 Thomas C. Elliott, Kao Chen, Robert Swanekamp (coauthors) (1997). Standard Handbook of Powerplant Engineering, 2nd edition. McGraw-Hill Professional. ISBN 0-07-019435-1.
- ↑ Richard E. Putnam (2001). Steam Surface Condensers:Basic Principles, Performance Monitoring and Maintenance. Americal Society of Mechanical Engineers (ASME). ISBN 0-7918-0151-9.
- ↑ Air Pollution Control Orientation Course from website of the Air Pollution Training Institute
- ↑ Energy savings in steam systems Figure 3a, Layout of surface condenser (scroll to page 11 of 34 pdf pages)
- ↑ Perry, R.H. and Green, D.W. (Editors) (2007). Perry's Chemical Engineers' Handbook, 8th Edition. McGraw Hill. ISBN 0-07-142294-3.
- ↑ Power, Robert B. (1993). Steam Jet Ejectors For The Process Industries, First Edition. McGraw-Hill. ISBN 0-07-050618-3.
- ↑ Vacuum Refrigeration Systems
- ↑ Ocean Thermal Energy Conversion (OTEC)