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...l to the parent(s), thus allowing evolution to proceed by means other than mutation.

...e = Neutrophil elastase and granulocyte colony-stimulating factor receptor mutation analyses and leukemia evolution in severe congenital neutropenia patients b ...ient had an ELA-2 defect but her parents did not, suggesting a spontaneous mutation.<ref name=Carlsson/>

...ferred heterodimeric partner (4). On the other hand, overexpression and/or mutation of ErbB-2 are thought to lead to spontaneous dimerisation and the stabiliza

...eptin's role in energy balance came from ''db/db'' mice. These mice have a mutation in the gene coding for leptin receptors and therefore, even though their ad Experiment ii) shows that a single mutation in the ''ob'' gene prevents leptin synthesis, this has also been proven to

...etection of DNA can help in "detection of difficult-to-isolate pathogens, mutation analysis, genetic testing, DNA sequencing, and analyzing evolutionary relat

Mutation in the UDP-glycuronosyltransferase gene cause [[Gilbert Syndrome]]<ref>{{O

..., Torgerson TR, Russell LJ, Lejtenyi C et al.| title=FOXP3 forkhead domain mutation and regulatory T cells in the IPEX syndrome. | journal=N Engl J Med | year=

...is/her offspring, presuming that his/her partner does not also carry the [[mutation]].

...e of vowel mutation more commonly referred to as ''[[i-umlaut]]'' (UK: ''i-mutation''). The [[French language|French]] term ''mouillure'' (German ''Mouillierun

* Caporale, LH (2003) Natural selection and emergence of mutation phenotype: An Update of the Evolutionary Synthesis Considering Mechanisms t

Caused by mutation, the pathway for Vocal Learning developed out of a pre-existing non-vocal m

=== Mutation === ...nt, and anticipated, by decades, the subsequent work on [[adaptation]] and mutation by bacterial chemists and microbiologists.

=== Mutation === ...nt, and anticipated, by decades, the subsequent work on [[adaptation]] and mutation by bacterial chemists and microbiologists.

...sed. While [[codon]]s for different [[amino acid]]s may change in a random mutation (changing the sequence coding a gene), this doesn't necessarily alter the p

| title = The Mutation of the Russian Secret services | url =http://www.agentura.ru/english/dosie/mutation/}}</ref> A small analysis group, on the order of 10 people, had assisted th

...age virtually all types of macromolecules: carbohydrates, nucleic acids ([[mutation]]s), lipids ([[lipid peroxidation]]) and amino acids (e.g. conversion of [[

...utations in a large population and then screen the progeny for the desired mutation. A similar process can be used in both plants and prokaryotes.

...an Carp]], with little to recommend it as a potential aquarium fish, but a mutation occurred which developed lovely gold patches on the body which eventually t

...] and a liquid.<ref>Ní Chiosáin (1999).</ref> However, under ''[[consonant mutation]]'' (changing consonants according to some rule), other sequences can occur

...he repetitive nature of these sequences causes the rapid accumulation of [[mutation]]s, which allows their use as highly variable [[molecular markers]]. Such m The high mutation rate of microsatellite loci gives them a far greater resolution than more t

...[[cortisol]] is essential for humans, but a few rare individuals with the mutation have shown very similar phenotype to the POMC knockout mouse. <ref>Oswal A, ...a result of a mutation of several genes so it cannot be inferred that PC2 mutation is solely responsible for the obese and hyperphagic phenotype.

{{r|Mutation}}

A gene mutation is a permanent change in the DNA sequence that makes up a gene. Mutations r ===Mechanisms of Mutation===

...ntageous [[mutation]] occurs in an asexual line, it is impossible for that mutation to spread without wiping out all other lines, which may have different adva

...n works. Some researchers give credit to [[natural selection]], wherein [[mutation]]s outside of human control make some members of a species more compatible ...m mutation near the beginning of wheat's [[cultivation]]. Wheat with this mutation was the only wheat harvested and became the seed for the next crop. This w

...Adolf Eduard Driesch]], and [[Hugo Marie de Vries]] (the gene concept, and mutation theory) all working in the period spanning the mid to late 19th through the

.../wales/learnwelsh/bigwelshchallenge/south/notes/nasal_mutation.shtml Nasal mutation]'.</ref> Even place-names undergo softening of the initial consonant: for e

...aternal in origin. The more of these loci that are deleted or affected by mutation, the more severe will be the manifestations of the disease: ...toxic aggregates. The severity of the damage depends on the nature of the mutation. Some mutations (β^o) prevent any formation of β chains; others

*You, L., and J. Yin. 2002. Dependence of epistasis on environment and mutation severity as revealed by in silico mutagenesis of phage T7. Genetics. 160:12 *Poon, A., and L. Chao. 2005. The rate of compensatory mutation in the DNA bacteriophage _X174. Genetics. 170:989-999.

..., the mutations are likely to be identical by descent rather than multiple mutation events occurring at the same site.”

...] and a liquid.<ref>Ní Chiosáin (1999).</ref> However, under ''[[consonant mutation]]'' (changing consonants according to some rule), other sequences can occur

...ne product, which in turn affects pigmentation.<ref name=OCA2/> A specific mutation within the ''HERC2'' gene, a gene that regulates ''OCA2'' expression, is pa ...Roger | last=Highfield | date=2008-01-30}}</ref> Eiberg stated, "A genetic mutation affecting the OCA2 gene in our chromosomes resulted in the creation of a 's

...AG in the 23S r RNA. This gene codes for a ribosomal subunit of 50S. The mutation occurred at the point A2058G. The mutated ribosome is not able to bind to t

3. Clément K, Vaisse C, Lahlou N, Cabrol S, Pelloux V, Cassuto D. A mutation in the human leptin receptor gene causes obesity and pituitary dysfunction.

...ase activation. Only one family have been found to have a leptin receptor mutation which were homozygotes were hyperphagic, obese, growth retarded and had hyp ...e normal physiology of POMC and melanocortins, that the phenotype for POMC mutation would show obesity, pigmentation changes and ACTH deficiency. Two patients

...ozygous]]) makes a person a carrier who can pass this mutation onward. One mutation may lead to slightly excessive iron absorption but usually haemochromatosis ...e [[Human_leukocyte_antigen|HLA-A3]] [[locus]]. Homozygosity for the C282Y mutation is the most significant, although hemochromatosis for the heterozygosity fo

Transposons may lose their ability to synthesize transposase through mutation, yet continue to jump through the genome because other transposons are stil Transposons can cause [[mutation]]. They do this either by being inserted into the coding region of a gene,

...2_-O positions with the use of methytransferase (MTase). If there is a mutation found in both of these methylation points, it is lethal to the virus. The d ...of virulence in a mouse model.” <ref name=griven/> However, other cases of mutation and formation of different strains can be explained by genetic drift and na

==== Single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP): [[mutation]] in one base ====

:*Are there particular conditions that select for novelty and for high mutation or recombination rates? What about for cooperative behavior?

...t show the similar degree of reduced variation predicted for below-average mutation rates. Since neither selection nor low mutation frequency can explain the similar DNA between the grasses, the authors conc

...ng populations as a result of the interaction of [[natural selection]], [[mutation]], migration and genetic drift. The work of Fisher, Wright, and Haldane on

...y known. These include all the mechanisms of inheritance, the phenomena of mutation, of migration, of the effect of limited population size, and of the operati ===&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Mutation rates in humans===

...cation of the original DNA sequence. The transposition process can cause [[mutation]]s at the site of DNA insertion, and can cause increases in the total amoun ...e their ability to synthesize reverse transcriptase or transposase through mutation, yet continue to jump through the genome because other transposons are stil

...ismarck tradition to the liberal type? The German welfare state: change or mutation ?

...mutations per gene per generation. Some bacteria can increase the rate of mutation during DNA replication as a response to stress. ...frequent genetic changes in bacterial genomes come from [[mutation|random mutation]]. Bacteria can also undergo genetic recombination. Many bacteria can take-

...programmed aging-resistance) and theories that link aging with DNA damage/mutation or [[DNA repair]] capability. ...e span 110%<ref>{{cite journal | author=Friedman DB, Johnson TE. | title=A mutation in the age-1 gene in Caenorhabditis elegans lengthens life and reduces herm

...as Hunt Morgan]] proposed a theory of sex-linked inheritance for the first mutation discovered in the fruit fly, [[Drosophila]], white eye.

...[[X-ray]]s as a [[mutagen]]. (Exposure to X-rays can increase the rate of mutation above the natural background level, making it a powerful research tool for ...ond, it demonstrated a source of large-scale mutation. As a cause of major mutation, it remains an area of interest in [[cancer]] research today.

...[[X-ray]]s as a [[mutagen]]. (Exposure to X-rays can increase the rate of mutation above the natural background level, making it a powerful research tool for ...ond, it demonstrated a source of large-scale mutation. As a cause of major mutation, it remains an area of interest in [[cancer]] research today.