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Some other inputs come from the brainstem, including from some of the noradrenergic neurons of the [[nucleus of the s ...s. Other afferent neurotransmitters include noradrenaline (from the caudal brainstem), [[dopamine]], [[serotonin]], [[histamine]] and [[acetylcholine]].

...ed with many parts of the [[central nervous system]], including the caudal brainstem, the limbic forebrain and the [[olfactory bulb]]s. ...and the information is carried mainly by spinal pathways that relay in the brainstem. Stimulation of the nipples stimulates release of oxytocin and [[prolactin]

...], and the innermost [[pia mater]]; these are continuous with those in the brainstem and cerebral hemispheres, with cerebrospinal fluid found in the [[subarachn

...[[hypothalamus]] and the [[nucleus tractus solitarii]] (NTS) of the caudal brainstem, and products of POMC are important in appetite regulation. POMC was first ...tivation of orexigenic pathways. The negative feedback is strongest in the brainstem region where it is thought to regulate meal size and [[thermogenesis]].

...d only by subpopulations of neurones in the [[arcuate nucleus]] and caudal brainstem; dynorphin is expressed by many populations including the [[vasopressin]] c

...cular petechial hemorrhages and neuropil breakdown in the diencephalon and brainstem. Chronic thiamine deficiency may lead to [[Korsakoff's syndrome|Korsakoff s

The 10 out of the 12 [[cranial nerves]] originate from the [[brainstem]], and mainly control the functions of the anatomic structures of the head

The [[hypothalamus]] and the caudal brainstem contain important centres which are responsible for monitoring blood glucos

...matostatin neurons in the [[arcuate nucleus]], the [[hippocampus]] and the brainstem [[nucleus of the solitary tract]].

...e vagally-mediated signals reach the hypothalamus via nuclei in the caudal brainstem - notably the [[nucleus tractus solitarii]]. Noradrenergic neurons in this ...orexigenic factor ghrelin, and the neurons in the hypothalamus and caudal brainstem that synthesize the anorexigenic factors cholecystokinin, GLP-1 and oxyntom

...s, PYY3–36 was found to modulate neuronal activity within hypothalamic and brainstem, and brain regions involved in reward processing. Several lines of evidence

| title = Developmental Plasticity in the Human Auditory Brainstem

...ing; that these circuits are controlled by specific locomotor areas in the brainstem and midbrain; and that these areas in turn are controlled by higher brain s ...more extensive. There are two large descending pathways, traveling to the brainstem and spinal cord, and numerous ascending projections to a variety of sensory

...brain. For example, [[serotonin]] is released specifically by cells in the brainstem, in an area called the raphe nuclei, but travels around the brain along the

...king by the infant at the nipple is relayed by spinal nerves to the caudal brainstem, and from there to the hypothalamus. The stimulation causes oxytocin neuron ...l hypothalamus]], [[olfactory bulb]], [[septum]] and areas of the caudal [[brainstem]] including the [[Nucleus tractus solitarii|nucleus of the solitary tract]]

...king by the infant at the nipple is relayed by spinal nerves to the caudal brainstem, and from there to the hypothalamus. The stimulation causes oxytocin neuron ...l hypothalamus]], [[olfactory bulb]], [[septum]] and areas of the caudal [[brainstem]] including the [[Nucleus tractus solitarii|nucleus of the solitary tract]]

...al''. (2004) Cholecystokinin-mediated suppression of feeding involves the brainstem melanocortin system. ''Nature Neurosci'' 7(4):335-336 PMID 15034587.

! Brainstem ...ects of musical training on brain development. Already at the level of the brainstem, evoked responses to sound are larger and more accurate in adult musicians

...perature, pose an immediate threat and are processed quickly by the caudal brainstem.

...various parts of the [[olfactory system]]. [[Taste]] is routed through the brainstem and then to other portions of the [[gustatory system]]. ...cts to the spinal cord and then out to the muscle effectors. Nuclei in the brainstem control many involuntary muscle functions such as heart rate and breathing.

...o activates anorexigenic neurons in the [[arcuate nucleus]] via the caudal brainstem, thereby suppressing [[appetite]]. It also decreases gastric emptying, so a

...] and [[neurodegenerative disease]]s that damage or destroy parts of the [[brainstem]] or the [[cerebellum]]. Other causes include the use of some drugs (such a

...apses—with the neurons of the deep cerebellar and vestibular nuclei in the brainstem. Each Purkinje cell receives excitatory input from 100,000 to 200,000 paral ...from the [[Purkinje cells]] out to the [[vestibular nuclei]] in the dorsal brainstem located at the junction between the [[pons]] and [[medulla]].

...et al.'' (2008) Proteins activate satiety-related neuronal pathways in the brainstem and hypothalamus of rats ''Am Soc Nutr'' 138:1172–8</ref>

...m the left and right ear to the [[cochlear nucleus]] in each side of the [[brainstem]] and eventually, through several other 'relay stations', up to the part of

...to recurring respiratory infections. Her electroencephalography, auditory brainstem response evaluation, and chromosomal analysis were relatively normal. A br

...hich auditory information is conducted. One primary pathway goes via the [[brainstem]] (the cochlear nuclei, superior olive and inferior colliculus) and the [[t

...the electrical activity of large nerve cells in the [[spinal cord]] and [[brainstem]], called [[motor neurons]] or motoneurons. These neurons have long axons (

...icant reductions in BDV N mRNA for the cerebral cortex, hippocampus, lower brainstem, and cerebellum regions. Using an immunohistochemical analysis for OX-42 mo

...o emit a 95 decibel clicking sound that would register on a monitor of her brainstem. By 8:40 a.m. an incision was made into her scalp and a section of her skul

* brainstem reflexes