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...t the [[Chemistry|chemistry]] and history of [[Food science|food science]] and [[Cooking|cooking]].

{{r|History of biology}} *[[Life/Addendum]]: Supplementary text to main article [[Life]] and [[Life/Draft]]

* BBC History [http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/historic_figures/curie_marie.shtml Marie Curie (1867 - 1934)] ...adium and polonium, by the isolation of radium and the study of the nature and compounds of this remarkable element.''

* [http://inventors.about.com/library/inventors/blcellophane.htm History of cellophane] ....edu.au/discovery/Syllabus.html Educational website pitched at high school and undergraduate students]

* [http://inventors.about.com/library/inventors/blcellophane.htm History of cellophane] ....edu.au/discovery/Syllabus.html Educational website pitched at high school and undergraduate students]

{{r|Chemistry}} {{r|Density (chemistry)}}

...is paid for by sponsors of the site when questions are answered correctly and the rice is distributed by the [[UN World Food Program]]. == History ==

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...ramolecular chemistry include [[host-guest chemistry]], [[self-assembly]], and [[molecular recognition]]. == History ==

...raday, Michael. ''Chemical Manipulation, being Instructions to Students in Chemistry'' (1 vol., John Murray, 1st ed. 1827, 2nd 1830, 3rd 1842) ...ls. i. and ii. (1844 and 1847); vol. iii. (1844); vol. iii. Richard Taylor and William Francis (1855) [http://books.google.com/books?id=Q7sKAAAAIAAJ&print

|iupac= see chemistry section ...[[nucleotide]] [[deoxyadenosine triphosphate]] (dATP) during DNA formation and it acts as a DNA chain terminator once incorporated because it lacks the no

...as_brr=0&ei=CCS1R96qCJb4tgOG39yXBQ&sig=2n5yoCm5T4NxzhoUBnVPbf2v10A excerpt and text search] * Cocroft, Wayne. ''Dangerous Energy: The Archaeology of Gunpowder and Military Explosives'' (2000) 222 pages

...eights of the elements|standard atomic weight]] of 210 g•mol⁻¹ and is a [[solid]] in its elemental form. The total amount of astatine present ...scal (unit)|Pa]], it has a [[boiling point]] of ~340 °[[Celsius (unit)|C]] and a [[melting point]] of 302 °C.

|iupac= see chemistry section ...eplaced by an azido group. It also inhibits the HIV RT by binding with it and thus competing with natural substrates.

...the defining province of [[chemistry]], one might trace the '''history of chemistry''' as far back as the emergence of our species, or even to earlier times in ...t><ref name=bensaude>Bensaude-Vincent B, Stengers I. (1996) ''A History of Chemistry.'' Harvard University Press. ISBN 9780674396593. Originally published as ''

...i.ac.il/history/faraday.htm Michael Faraday] biography at the Institute of Chemistry at the Hebrew University of Jerusalem * [http://www.rigb.org/heritage/downloads/Guides%20to%20the%20RI%20no.1.pdf History of the Royal Institution of Great Britain] (by Dr. Frank A.J.L. James; has

...the initial phase of the [[scientific method]], with information gathering and formulation of a hypothesis that strives to remain coherent with all releva ...ically philosophical disciplines such as [[alchemy]], which later became [[chemistry]], or [[astrology]], part of which later became [[astronomy]], but it is no

...)<ref>[http://www.uio.no/english/ The University of Oslo's web page]</ref> and is considered as one of the leading Scandinavian universities. ==History==

...st stable allotrope of carbon in [[International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry]] prescribed [[standard conditions]]. == History ==

{{r|Building blocks: solvent suppression - pulsed magnetic field gradients and RF ||***}} {{r|MR angiography and MR cardiography||***}}

...eights of the elements|standard atomic weight]] of 227 g•mol⁻¹ and it is a [[solid]] in its elemental form. ...cal (unit)|Pa]], it has a [[boiling point]] of 3,198 °[[Celsius (unit)|C]] and a [[melting point]] of 1,051 °C.

{{r|Complementary and alternative medicine}} {{r|History of homeopathy}}

...r chemists, however, work on problems related to [[medicine]], [[biology]] and [[biochemistry]], or [[materials science]]. == Basic concepts in polymer chemistry ==

|iupac= see Chemistry ...that is believed to function in the same way that [[sildenafil]] (Viagra®) and [[vardenafil]] (Levitra®) work, despite significant structural differences

* Norman E. Holden. (2001) History of the Origin of the Chemical Elements and Their Discoverers. Prepared for the 41st IUPAC General Assembly in Brisbane ...emical Elements: Their Discovery and the Origins of their Names.] A useful and interesting article.

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*{{cite book|author=Stan Gibilisco and Norman H. Crowhurst|title= Mastering Technical Mathematics|edition=3rd Edit *{{cite book|author=Robert C. Weast (Editor)|title=Handbook of Chemistry and Physics|edition=56th Edition|publisher=CRC Press|year=1975|id=ISBN 0-87819-

...in her husband's magnum opus ''Traité élémentaire de Chemie'' and edited and published her husband's posthumous ''Mémoires de Physique et de Chimique'' ...T. Eagle and J. Sloan, ''Marie Anne Paulze Lavoisier: The Mother of Modern Chemistry'', The Chemical Educator vol. '''3''' (1998) [http://www.springerlink.com/c

...d cGMP levels relax the smooth muscles, dilate the [[corporeal sinusoid]]s and increase blood flow enabling an erection. cGMP levels are normally increas == Chemistry ==

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...result of laboratory (e.g., clinical chemistry, hematology, microbiology) and [[medical imaging|imaging]] tests. Often, syndromic diagnosis proceeds step A syndrome is a set of manifestations, and, at least in the preliminary phases of diagnosis, there can be different [[

...oking: The Science and Lore of the Kitchen]]'' initially published in 1984 and revised in 2004.<ref>[http://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId= ...the [[Denver Museum of Nature and Science|Denver Natural History Museum]] and the [[Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory]]. {{citation needed|date=Janua

{{r|Philosophy of chemistry}} {{r|History of Science}}

...d Museum of Fine Arts in Boston. His research background is in [[physical chemistry]] ...eutchdiversity>[http://www.jewishworldreview.com/cols/chavez030205.asp "PC and the CIA", jewishworldreview.com, Mar. 2, 2005]</ref>

...lue?mp|search_for=proton+mass |publisher=[[National Institute of Standards and Technology]] |accessdate=2011-03-28}} ...|search_for=elementary+charge |publisher=[[National Institute of Standards and Technology]] |accessdate=2011-03-28}}

...itution reaction]]s, [[pericyclic reaction]]s, [[rearrangement reaction]]s and [[organic redox reaction|redox reactions]]. In [[organic synthesis]], organ ...912, the [[Diels-Alder reaction]] in 1950, the [[Wittig reaction]] in 1979 and [[olefin metathesis]] in 2005.

**Detailed history of the periodic system, lacking discussion of the role of modern physics in **Detailed history of the periodic system, one of the few such histories.

...ments ''Y'' and ''Z'', say &mdash; can form multiple different [[Compound (chemistry)|compounds]], the ratio of the weights of any one of the elements in the di ...rams of carbon combines with 13.3 grams of oxygen to form carbon monoxide, and 26.6 grams of oxygen to form carbon dioxide, the ratio 13.3:26.6 = 1:2 for

'''Planetology''' is the study of other planets, those in our solar system and those beyond it. It is also referred to as '''planetary science'''. Given t ...the Earth has been influenced to some extent by the activities of humanity and this influence has made little or no impact on other planets.

...y]] plant. In modern times, heroin has been used by humans as an analgesic and a recreational [[drug]]. ...l. Victims of heroin overdose include celebrities such as [[Janis Joplin]] and [[Bridgette Andersen]].

...on include [[x-ray crystallography]] (or single-crystal x-ray diffraction) and [[powder diffraction]]. In many cases, corresponding techniques employing ==History==

...ic animals, to the packaging and formulation of food as products for sale, and even includes [[cooking]]. Many aspects are a subdivision of [[Agriculture *[[Culinary arts]] – includes food preparation and [[cooking]]

* [http://lipas.uwasa.fi/~ts/popsci.html A Book List of Popularized Natural and Behavioral Sciences] * Augros, Robert M., Stanciu, George N., "The New Story of Science: mind and the universe", Lake Bluff, Ill.: Regnery Gateway, c1984. ISBN 0895268337

...to the international application of [[chemistry]] by scientists, engineers and others. It is an association of organizations, called "National Adhering Or ...e U.S. National Committee for the International Union for Pure and Applied Chemistry (USNC&thinsp;/&thinsp;IUPAC)].</ref>

...ressure]] exerted by 1 [[millimetre]] of liquid [[mercury]] (symbol: mmHg) and thus 1 torr ≈ 1 mmHg. It was named after [[Evangelista Torricelli]], an [[Italy|Italian]] physicist and mathematician who, in 1644, first explained that a [[barometer]] responded

...ts of the elements|standard atomic weight]] of 98.9062 g•mol⁻¹ and is a [[solid]] in its elemental form. ...e (unit)|atm]]), it has a [[boiling point]] of 4,265 °[[Celsius (unit)|C]] and a [[melting point]] of 2,157 °C.

...lumes were compiled by William Henry (1774-1836), the Manchester physician and chemist, some of whose own lecture notes are also preserved."'' |title=Joseph Black and the discovery of carbon dioxide.

|hazard=Scandium dust is flammable and a fire hazard. It is not known to be toxic. ...800 other minerals.<ref> Lide, David R. (ed) ''CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics 75th ed.'', CRC Press: Ann Arbor, MI (1995).</ref>

|iupac= see Chemistry ...MP), which is structurally similar to sildenafil. [[Vardenafil]], a newer and more potent PDE-5 inhibitor, is nearly identical to sildenafil, while [[tad

* Bence Jones, Henry. ''The Life and Letters of Faraday,'' (2 vol. 1870, reprint 2006) [http://books.google.com/ * Cantor, Geoffrey N. ''Michael Faraday: Sandemanian and Scientist.'' (1991)

...Chapter 21. In: Brown TL, Eugene Lemay H, Bursten BE, Murphy CJ. (2009) ''Chemistry: The Central Science''. 11th edition. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Pearson Edu ...t radioactivity: specific elements may have stable (i.e., non-radioactive) and radioactive (unstable) [[isotope]]s&mdash;all the isotopes of a given chemi

...tm and a bar, which is about 1%, is not significant for many applications, and is within the error range of common pressure gauges. ==History==

In [[quantum chemistry]], an '''electron orbital''' (or more often just '''orbital''') is a synony ...norm]], i.e., that the orbital is normalizable (quadratically integrable), and hence this requirement is often added to the definition.

...'venlafaxine''' is a [[second generation antidepressant]] that has unusual chemistry: it inhibits the reuptake of several [[neurotransmitter]]s depending on dos ==History==

...e if you can or die! However, anti-Jewish bias in the West, in [[America]] and its European allies, was silently effective in preventing safe passage acro ...e late 1920’s he began work on his popular Progress in Biochemistry series and starting in 1930 made immunochemistry his principal area of research.

...ite]</ref> It is commonly referred to by its French initials of '''BIPM''' and it is one of three such organizations established to maintain the [[Interna ...s poids et mesures'') (CGPM) and the [[International Committee for Weights and Measures]] (French: ''Comité international des poids et mesures'') (CIPM).

...for editors by collecting together those articles that are especially good and drawing attention to the best candidates for approval. Any user, author or ...to initiate the approval process. Please add this page to your watch list and check in frequently.

In chemistry, a '''molecule''' is an aggregate of two or more [[atom]]s in a definite ar <ref>{{cite book|author=Pauling, Linus |title=General Chemistry|location=New York | publisher=Dover Publications, Inc.|year=1970|id=ISBN 04

...is usually made of glass and consists of a small diameter cylindrical stem and a larger diameter float section weighted with [[mercury]] or [[Lead|lead sh ...]] and making [[whiskey]]; refining [[sugar]]; producing [[sulfuric acid]] and other industrial [[chemical]]s.

...tually any subject. Our online community prides itself on being congenial and supportive. Read more about <big>'''[[CZ:About|who we are]]'''</big>. ...on [[CZ:Content_Policy|content]], [[CZ:Objectivity Guidance|objectivity]], and [[CZ:Policy_on_Self-Promotion|no self-promotion or PR]].

...never published. - John Thomson (1859) ''An account of the life, lectures, and writings of Cullen'' Edinburgh, v. 1, p. 259, 432-433.)</ref> ...e I, Kaptchuk TJ. William Cullen and a missing mind-body link in the early history of placebos]</ref>

...brated such that most petroleum liquids will have API gravities between 10 and 70 °API.<ref>[http://corridoreis.anl.gov/glossacro/dsp_wordpopup.cfm?word_ The API gravity scale has been universally adopted and commonly used in the petroleum industry worldwide since the about 1921.

...f the mass of an unbound [[carbon]]-12 (¹²C) [[atom]], at rest and in its ground state. ...Avogadro's number, the mass of ''N_A'' carbon-12 atoms, at rest and in their ground state, is 12 gram ( = 12&times;10^&minus;3 kg). T

...imulatory action. It's binding to plasma albumin is weaker than alprenolol and it may be useful in [[angina]] pectoris, [[hypertension]], or cardiac arrhy ==History==

{{r|France, history}} {{r|Reference conditions of gas temperature and pressure}}

'''August Strindberg''' (1849 - 1912) was a Swedish writer and playwright. ...he was charged with indency. He voluntarily brought the publisher to court and won the case, which served to further increase his popularity.

...ndividual’, although others would trace it (both the origins of sociology, and the despotism) to [[Jeremy Bentham]]’s efforts to ground the authority of ...ociology', which he calls a convenient barbarism (mixing as it does, Latin and Greek).

...tants before they get into the [[natural environment]] ([[air]], [[water]] and [[land]] resources). ...physics]], [[chemistry]] and [[biology]] to the protection of human health and the natural environment.<ref name=Mihelcic/>

...hemical plant]]s, [[Natural gas processing|natural gas processing plant]]s and other industrial sources. ...{cite book|author=Beychok, Milton R.|title=[[Aqueous Wastes from Petroleum and Petrochemical Plants]]|edition=1st Edition|publisher=John Wiley & Sons|year

...ctrical]] engineering. With significant media attention to [[nanoscience]] and [[nanotechnology]] in the recent years, materials science has been propelle == History ==

...tric calculations are taken to be a temperature of 0 °[[Celsius (unit)|C]] and an absolute pressure of 1 [[Atmosphere (unit)|atm]]. ==History==

...ecognized by the [[U.S. Department of Education]] for accrediting programs and institutions which lead to the degree of 'doctor of [[chiropractic]]'. Its :2) by encouraging educational improvement, and

* Newton, Isaac. ''The correspondence of Isaac Newton,'' ed. H. W. Turnbull and others, 7 vols. (1959–77) · ...lem and the Principia: Containing an English Translation of Sections 1, 2, and 3 of Book One from the First (1687) Edition of Newton's Mathematical Princi

...tory.mcs.st-andrews.ac.uk/history/HistTopics/The_Quantum_age_begins.html A history of quantum mechanics] ...esentation makes use of limited mathematics while focusing on the personal and historical perspectives of one of the principal architects of quantum theor

...ric [[pressure]] is 7, whereas the pH of an acidic solution is less than 7 and the pH of a basic solution is greater than 7. The pH scale is [[logarithm]] ...an 7 and is acidic. If it turns blue, the solution has a pH greater than 7 and is acidic. Measuring the actual pH value of a solution is more accurately d

==History== ...after territory was split into [[North Dakota (U.S. state)|North Dakota]] and [[South Dakota (U.S. state)|South Dakota]] in 1889.

...ecosystem” (Harold, F.M., 2001. The Way of the Cell: Molecules, Organisms and the Order of Life, New York: Oxford University Press, p. 232)." </font> ...dge.org/ Edge] Special Event at Eastover Farm (Aug. 27, 2007), with videos and full-text transcript. Summary

...ear=2003|id=ISBN 0-13-142066-6}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|author=F.K. Lutgens and E.J.Tarbuck|title=The Atmosphere: A Introduction to Meteorology|edition=5th ...[pressure]] and [[water]] [[Gas|vapor]]) and their gradients, interactions and how they vary with time.

...[[molecule|molecular]] level to explain how different materials interact, and how they change under varying conditions. ...s. These interactions are called [[chemical reaction|chemical reactions]], and always involve rearrangement of [[electrons]] around the reacting atoms of

...lso refer to a specialized section for the publication of notices, reviews and critiques within a more general purpose publication. It is equally likely, ...ount of all books published in Scotland within the compass of half a year; and ... take some notice of such books published elsewhere, as are most read in

== Brief history of geochronometry == ...eliable method for the measurement of [[time]]. In the eighteenth century, and during most of the nineteenth century, the ideas on the geologic time were

...inosaur]]s. It is used in high temperature apparatus, electrical contacts, and as a hardening agent for platinum. ...t it can be attacked by molten [[salt]]s, such as [[sodium chloride|NaCl]] and [[sodium cyanide|NaCN]].

...oker Club]] and friend of [[David Hume]], [[Adam Smith]], [[James Hutton]] and other leading figures of the [[Scottish Enlightenment]]. ...of the river and city." (from autobiographical memorandum@<ref>''The Life and Letters of Joseph Black'', by Sir William Ramsay, Constable, (1918)</ref>

...known for his well-researched, highly accurate, but passionless and dull ''History of the United States of America'' in six volumes. ...arish much ridden by the controversies between orthodox Congregationalists and Unitarians, he already had been for four years a minister at the Second Con

...ters is in Greeley, CO. The Board develops, administers, analyzes, scores, and reports results from various examinations. Examinations are offered twice a ...s, the state licensing agencies, field practitioners, subject specialists, and a [http://www.nbce.org/publications/pub_analysis.html Job Analysis of Chiro

...[[molecule|molecular]] level to explain how different materials interact, and how they change under varying conditions. ...ifferent substances. These interactions are called [[chemical reaction]]s, and always involve rearrangement of electrons around the reacting atoms of each

...rge 6e (contains 6 protons) and the phosphorus nucleus contains 15 protons and has charge 15e. ...nuclear charge: the nuclear charge is a unique "fingerprint" of an element and ''Z'' labels the chemical elements uniquely.

|Bachelor of Science in Industrial and Organizational Psychology (BSIOP)<br /> |Bachelor of Arts in History (BSH)<br />

...ker>{{cite book|author=Brad Buecker|title=Fundamentals of Steam Generation Chemistry|edition=1st Edition|publisher=Pennwell|year=2000|id=ISBN 0-87814-750-0}}</r ...m from the [[Steam turbine|steam-driven turbines]] in thermal power plants and which is recycled for reuse as the major part of the steam generation feedw

.../history/historic_figures/nobel_alfred.shtml Alfred Nobel (1833-1896)] BBC History</ref>The element [[Nobelium]] was named after him. ...eborg]], and a disastrous one in 1864 killed Alfred's younger brother Emil and several other workers.

...August 14, 1777 &ndash; Copenhagen, March 9, 1851) was a Danish physicist and chemist. He is best known for his discovery of the influence of an electri ...got a degree in pharmacy and received prizes for papers on aesthetics and chemistry; two years later he was awarded a doctorate for a dissertation on Kant’s

...nk.com/content/m260u6rp725841j3/ John Gregory’s Writings on Medical Ethics and Philosophy of Medicine] ...John Gregory and the History of Medical Ethics. ''The Journal of Medicine and Philosophy'' 24:376-95</ref>

...ematics), economics, political theory, geography (especially exploration), and technology (especially the origins of the [[Industrial Revolution]]). ...es, it influenced the whole of Europe including [[Russia, history|Russia]] and Scandinavia, as well as the American colonies in the era of the [[American

...on [[biology]], especially when used in [[agriculture]], [[food science]], and [[medicine]]. It may also be included under the very broad term [[bioengine ...an also be defined as the manipulation of organisms to do practical things and to provide useful products.

...alist, academic and an early proponent of the idea that evolution occurred and proceeded in accordance with natural laws. ...seven-volume work, Histoire naturelle des animaux sans vertèbres (Natural History of Animals without Backbones, 1815-1822).

...mation for use in designing more economical distillation and [[Absorption (chemistry)|absorption]] systems.<ref name=FRI>[http://www.fri.org/ Fractionation Rese ...refining processes|petroleum refining]], [[Petrochemical|petrochemical]], and [[engineering]]-[[construction]] companies.<ref>[http://www.fri.org/public/

...zoyloxy)-8-methyl-8-azabicyclo[3.2.1]octane-2-carboxylate) is an organic [[chemistry|chemical]] compound that belongs to the [[alkaloid]] category. Its chemical ...arket]] is still flourishing. Street names for cocaine include coke, snow, and blow, among others.

{{Image|Atmosphere composition diagram.png|right|537px|The evolution and/or cycles of various elements in Earth's atmosphere<ref>[http://www.climate ...late with other systems.<ref name=Hobbs>{{cite book|author= Peter V. Hobbs and John M. Wallace|title=Atmospheric Science: An Introductory Survey|edition=2

...=lavoisier4>{{cite book|author=Antoine-Laurent Lavoisier|title=Elements of Chemistry: In a new systematic order, containing all the modern discoveries, illustra ...ide]] (HgO), a binary [[ionic compound]] consisting of the mercuric cation and the oxide anion: