Welcome to Citizendium

From Citizendium
Revision as of 00:03, 21 May 2009 by imported>Milton Beychok (Updated Article of the Week and New Draft of the Week)
Jump to navigation Jump to search


Logo400grbeta small.png
Natural Sciences       Social Sciences       Humanities
Arts       Applied Arts and
Sciences
      
Recreation

A new wiki encyclopedia project—and more!

  • We aim at reliability and quality, not just quantity.
  • We welcome collaboration with everyone who has knowledge, broad or narrow, about any of the world's innumerable subjects.
  • We write under our real names—and are both collegial and congenial. Our welcome page, for instance—this page—is not protected: it can be edited by any Citizen.
  • We now have [[:Category:CZ Live|Template:Articles number+ articles]] and are gathering speed.
  • Eduzendium participants write for academic credit.

Write for the Citizendium—knowledge is fun!

Learn about us

Important new community pages

  • WatchKnow will be a free, non-profit, K-12 educational video contest, currently under planning and development.
  • We are organizing Workgroup Weeks — get involved!
  • Cleanup—helps to develop, keep and maintain a coherent structure for entries in Citizendium.

Support us

 

(CC) Photo: Tanya Puntti
Each sentence you add is another drop in an expanding sea of words.

Some of our finest about ]

Approved.png
"Knowledge is the true organ of sight, not the eyes."
—From the Panchatantra (Indian literature)

Article of the Week [ about ]

(PD) Photo: U.S. Geological Survey / Andrew Silver
Anthracite coal (coin shown for scale).

Coal is a carbon-containing rock formed by the debris from the decay of ferns, vines, trees and other plants which flourished in swamps millions of years ago. Over time, the debris became buried and the actions of bacteria, heat and pressure transformed the debris first into peat (a precursor of coal) and then into the various types of coal as we know them today.[1][2][3] In more technical terminology, that process of transformation is referred to as metamorphosis, coalification or lithification.

Coal is extracted by mining from deposits that exist deep underground as well as deposits that are essentially at or near the surface of the ground. Because of the various degrees of transformation that occurred during the forming of coal deposits in different locations, the composition of coal varies from one deposit to another. No two coals are the same in every respect. In general, coal consists of carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, sulfur and mineral matter (including compounds of silicon, aluminum, iron, calcium, magnesium and others).[more...]

New Draft of the Week [ about ]

Gasoline or petrol is a fuel, derived from petroleum crude oil, for use in spark-ignited internal combustion engines. Conventional gasoline is mostly a blended mixture of more than 200 different hydrocarbon liquids ranging from those containing 4 carbon atoms to those containing 11 or 12 carbon atoms. It has an initial boiling point at atmospheric pressure of about 35 °C (95 °F) and a final boiling point of about 200 °C (395 °F).[4][5][6][7] Gasoline is used primarily as fuel for the internal combustion engines in automotive vehicles as well in some small airplanes.

In Canada and the United States, the word "gasoline" is commonly used and it is often shortened to simply "gas" although it is a liquid rather than a gas. In fact, gasoline-dispensing facilities are referred to as "gas stations".

Most current or former Commonwealth countries use the term "petrol" and their dispensing facilities are referred to as "petrol stations". The term "petrogasoline" is also used sometimes. In some European countries and elsewhere, the term "benzin" (or a variant of that word) is used to denote gasoline.

In aviation, "mogas" (an abbreviation for "motor gasoline") is used to distinguish automotive vehicle fuel from aviation fuel known as "avgas".[more...]

  1. Green, Don W. and Perry, Robert H. (Editors) (1997). Perry's Chemical Engineers' Handbook, 6th Edition. McGraw-Hill. ISBN 0-07-049479-7. 
  2. Eugene A. Avallone, Theodore Baumeister and Ali Sadegh (Editors) (2006). Marks' Standard Handbook for Mechanical Engineers, 11th Edition. McGraw-Hill Professional. ISBN 0-07-142867-4. 
  3. Frank Kreith (Editor) (1998). The CRC Handbook of Mechanical Engineering, 1st Edition. CRC Press. ISBN 0-8493-9418-X. 
  4. Gasoline FAQ - Part2 of 4, Bruce Hamilton, Industrial Research Ltd. (IRL), a Crown Research Institute of New Zealand.
  5. Gary, J.H. and Handwerk, G.E. (2001). Petroleum Refining Technology and Economics, 4th Edition. Marcel Dekker, Inc.. ISBN 0-8247-0482-7. 
  6. The Relation Between Gasoline Quality, Octane Number and the Environment, Rafat Assi, National Project Manager of Jordan’s Second National Communications on Climate Change, presented at Jordan National Workshop on Lead Phase-out, United Nations Environment Programme, July 2008, Amman, Jordan.
  7. James Speight (2008). Synthetic Fuels Handbook, 1st Edition. McGraw-Hill, pages 92-93. ISBN 0-07-149023-X.