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{| border="1" align="right" cellpadding="2" cellspacing="0" width="300" style="margin: 0 0 1em 0.5em"
{| border="1" align="right" cellpadding="2" cellspacing="0" width="300" style="margin: 0 0 1em 0.5em"
|align="center" colspan="2"|[[Image:Mission Santa Barbara 1987.jpg|350px]] <small>The ''capilla'' (chapel) of Mission Santa Barbara as it appeared in November, 1987.<ref>{{Mission Santa Barbara 1987.jpg/credit}}</ref></small>
|align="center" colspan="2"|'''This article is part of a series on the<br />[[Spanish missions in California]]'''<br />[[Image:Deakin SB circa 1899.jpg|350px]]<br />'''Mission Santa Barbara, ''circa'' 1899.'''<ref>{{Deakin SB circa 1899.jpg/credit}}</ref>
|-
|-
-
!colspan="2" style="color: white; height: 30px; background: #630;"| HISTORY  
!colspan="2" style="color: black; height: 30px; background: #C96;"| HISTORY  
|-
|-
|<small>'''Location:'''
|<small>'''Location:'''
|Santa Barbara, California
|[[Santa Barbara, California]]
|-
|<small>'''Coordinates:'''
|<small>34° 26′ 18″ N, 119° 42′ 50.1″ W
|-
|-
|<small>'''Name as Founded:'''
|<small>'''Name as Founded:'''
Line 16: Line 18:
|The Mission of the Lady Bárbara, Virgin and Martyr
|The Mission of the Lady Bárbara, Virgin and Martyr
|-
|-
|<small>'''Namesake:'''
|<small>'''Patron Saint:'''
|"Saint Barbara of [[Greece]] <ref name="krell187">Krell, p. 187</ref>
|Saint Barbara of [[Greece]] <ref name="krell187">Krell, p. 187</ref>
|-
|-
|<small>'''Nickname(s):'''
|<small>'''Nickname(s):'''
Line 31: Line 33:
|Tenth <ref name="krell187">Krell, p. 187</ref>
|Tenth <ref name="krell187">Krell, p. 187</ref>
|-
|-
|<small>'''Headquarters:'''
|<small>'''Headquarters of the Alta California Mission System:'''
|1833&ndash;1846&nbsp;<ref>Yenne, p. 186</ref>
|1833&ndash;1846&nbsp;<ref>Yenne, p. 186</ref>
|-
|-
Line 38: Line 40:
|-
|-
|<small>'''Native Tribe(s):<br><small>''Spanish Name(s):</small>'''
|<small>'''Native Tribe(s):<br><small>''Spanish Name(s):</small>'''
|[[Chumash (tribe)|Chumash]]<br>''Barbareño'', ''Canaliño''
|Chumash<br>''Barbareño'', ''Canaliño''
|-
|-
|<small>'''Native Place Name(s):'''
|<small>'''Primordial Place Name(s):'''
|''Xana'yan''&nbsp;<ref>Ruscin, p. 195</ref>
|''Xana'yan''&nbsp;<ref>Ruscin, p. 195</ref>
|-
|-
!colspan="2" style="color: black; height: 30px; background: #C96;"| SPIRITUAL RESULTS
!colspan="2" style="color: white; height: 30px; background: #630;"| SPIRITUAL RESULTS
|-
|-
|<small>'''Baptisms:'''
|<small>'''Baptisms:'''
Line 54: Line 56:
|3,936 <ref name="krell315">Krell, p. 315: as of December 31, 1832; information adapted from Engelhardt's ''Missions and Missionaries of California''.</ref>
|3,936 <ref name="krell315">Krell, p. 315: as of December 31, 1832; information adapted from Engelhardt's ''Missions and Missionaries of California''.</ref>
|-
|-
!colspan="2" style="color: black; height: 30px; background: #C96;"| DISPOSITION
|<small>'''Year of Neophyte Population Peak:'''
|1803 <ref name="krell315a">Krell, p. 315: Information adapted from Engelhardt's ''Missions and Missionaries of California''.</ref><ref name="engelhardt175-176a">Engelhardt 1920, pp. 300-301</ref>
|-
|<small>'''Neophyte Population:'''
|628 <ref name="krell315a">Krell, p. 315: Information adapted from Engelhardt's ''Missions and Missionaries of California''.</ref><ref name="engelhardt175-176a">Engelhardt 1920, pp. 300-301</ref>
|-
|<small>'''Neophyte Population in 1832:'''
|1,792 <ref name="krell315a">Krell, p. 315: Information adapted from Engelhardt's ''Missions and Missionaries of California''.</ref><ref name="engelhardt175-176a">Engelhardt 1920, pp. 300-301</ref>
|-
!colspan="2" style="color: white; height: 30px; background: #630;"| DISPOSITION
|-
|-
|<small>'''Secularized:'''
|<small>'''Secularized:'''
Line 62: Line 73:
|1865 <ref name="krell187">Krell, p. 187</ref>
|1865 <ref name="krell187">Krell, p. 187</ref>
|-
|-
|<small>'''Governing Body:'''
|<small>'''Caretaker:'''
|Roman Catholic Diocese of Los Angeles
|Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Los Angeles
|-
|-
|<small>'''Current Use:'''
|<small>'''Current Use:'''
|Parish Church
|Parish Church
|-
|-
|<small>'''Coordinates:'''
|<small>'''Current Land Area:'''
|34°26′02″N, 119°43′04″W
|20 acres
|-
|-
|<small>'''National Historic Landmark:'''
|<small>'''National Historic Landmark:'''
Line 81: Line 92:
|-
|-
|<small>'''Web Site:'''
|<small>'''Web Site:'''
|http://www.sbmission.org/history.shtml
|http://www.sbmission.org
|}
|}


'''Mission Santa Barbara''' is a [[Spain|Spanish]] Franciscan mission near present day Santa Barbara, California. It was founded December 4, 1786, the feast day of [[Saint Barbara]], to evangelize the local Chumash (Canaliño) tribe. The Mission grounds occupy a rise between the [[Pacific Ocean]] and the [[Santa Ynez Mountains]], and were consecrated by Father [[Fermín Lasuén]], who had taken over the presidency of the California mission chain upon the death of Father Presidente [[Junípero Serra]]. Mission Santa Barbara is the only mission to remain under the leadership of the Franciscan Friars since the day of its founding.
'''Mission Santa Barbara''' is a former religious outpost established by [[Spain|Spanish]] colonists on the west coast of [[North America]] in the present-day State of [[California (U.S. state)]]. Founded on December 4 (the Feast Day of Saint Barbara), 1786 by Roman Catholics of the Franciscan Order, the settlement was the tenth in the twenty-one mission [[Alta California]] chain. Named after a 3rd-century Turkish martyr, Mission Santa Barbara features the only under-the-chapel crypt in any California mission, and is the only mission to remain under the leadership of the Franciscan Friars since the day of its founding. The Mission also has the oldest unbroken tradition of choral singing among the California Missions. Designated as a historic landmark at both the state and national levels, today the chapel serves as a parish church within the Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Los Angeles.


==Precontact==
The current prevailing theory postulates that [[Paleo-Indians]] entered the Americas from [[Asia]] via a land bridge called "Beringia" that connected eastern [[Siberia]] with present-day [[Alaska]] (when sea levels were significantly lower, due to widespread glaciation) between about 15,000 to 35,000 years ago. The remains of Arlington Springs Man on Santa Rosa Island are among the traces of a very early habitation in California, dated to the last ice age (Wisconsin glatiation) about 13,000 years ago. The first humans are therefore thought to have made their homes among the southern valleys of California's coastal mountain ranges some 10,000 to 12,000 years ago; the earliest of these people are known only from archaeological evidence.<ref>Paddison, p. 333: The first undisputable archaeological evidence of human presence in California dates back to ''circa'' 8,000 [[BCE]].</ref> The cultural impacts resulting from climactic changes and other natural events during this broad expanse of time were negligible; conversely, European contact was a momentous event, which profoundly affected California's native peoples.<ref>Jones and Klar 2005, p. 53: "''Understanding how and when humans first settled California is intimately linked to the initial colonization of the Americas''."</ref>
==History==
==History==
Mission Santa Barbara's name comes from the legend of Saint Barbara, a girl who was supposedly beheaded by her father for following the Christian Faith. The early missionaries built three different chapels during the first few years, each larger than the previous one. It was only after the great Santa Barbara Earthquake on December 21, 1812,<ref>[http://www.data.scec.org/chrono_index/wrightwd.html#SBAR]</ref> which destroyed the existing buildings, that the construction on the current Mission was begun. It was completed and then dedicated in 1820. The towers were considerably damaged in the June 29, 1925 earthquake,<ref> [http://www.data.scec.org/chrono_index/santabar.html]</ref> but were subsequently rebuilt. The appearance of the inside of the church has not been altered significantly since 1820.  
===Mission Period (1769 &ndash; 1833)===
 
Mission Santa Barbara's name comes from the legend of Saint Barbara, a girl who was supposedly beheaded by her father for following the Christian Faith. The Mission grounds occupy a rise between the [[Pacific Ocean]] and the Santa Ynez Mountains, and were consecrated by Father [[Fermín Lasuén]], who had taken over the presidency of the California mission chain upon the death of Father Presidente [[Junípero Serra]]. Originally settled to evangelize the local Chumash (''Canaliño'') tribe, Mission Santa Barbara is the only mission to remain under the leadership of the Franciscan Friars since the day of its founding. The early missionaries built three different chapels during the first few years, each larger than the previous one. It was only after the great Santa Barbara Earthquake on December 21, 1812,<ref>[http://www.data.scec.org/chrono_index/wrightwd.html#SBAR]</ref> which destroyed the existing buildings, that the construction on the current Mission was begun. It was completed and then dedicated in 1820. The towers were considerably damaged in the June 29, 1925 earthquake,<ref> [http://www.data.scec.org/chrono_index/santabar.html]</ref> but were subsequently rebuilt. The appearance of the inside of the church has not been altered significantly since 1820.  
Many elements of the Mission's extensive water treatment system, all built by Chumash Indian labor (including aqueducts, two reservoirs, and a filter house) remain to this day, as does a grain mill; the larger reservoir, which was built in 1806, has been incorporated into the City's water system. The original fountain and ''lavadero'' are also intact near the entrance to the Mission. A dam constructed in 1807 is situated in the current Santa Barbara Botanic Garden up "Mission Canyon." The Mission's tanning vats, pottery kiln, and guard house are all in ruins to this day.
 
In 1818, two [[Argentina|Argentine]] ships under the command of the [[France|French]] privateer Hipólito Bouchard approached the coast and threatened the young town of Santa Barbara. The padres armed and trained 150 of the neophytes to prepare for attack. With their help, the [[Santa Barbara Presidio|Presidio]] soldiers confronted Bouchard, who sailed out of the harbor without attacking.<ref>There is a great contrast between the legacy of Bouchard in Argentina versus his reputation in the United States. In Buenos Aires, Bouchard is honored as a brave patriot, while in California he is most often remembered as a pirate, and not a privateer.</ref>


After the Mexican Congress passed ''An Act for the Secularization of the Missions of California'' on August 17, 1833 Father Presidente [[Narciso Durán]] transferred the missions' headquarters to Santa Barbara, thereby making Mission Santa Barbara the repository of some 3,000 original documents that had been scattered through the California missions. The Mission archive is the oldest library in the State of California that still remains in the hands of its founders, the Franciscans. Beginning with the writings of Hubert Howe Bancroft, the library has served as a center for historical study of the missions for more than a century.
Many elements of the Mission's extensive water treatment system, all built by Chumash Indian labor (including aqueducts, two reservoirs, and a filter house) remain to this day, as does a grain mill; the larger reservoir, which was built in 1806, has been incorporated into the City's water system. The original fountain and ''lavadero'' are also intact near the entrance to the Mission. A dam constructed in 1807 is situated in the current Santa Barbara Botanic Garden up "Mission Canyon." The Mission's tanning vats, pottery kiln, and guard house are all in ruins to this day. In 1818, two [[Argentina|Argentine]] ships under the command of the [[France|French]] privateer Hipólito Bouchard approached the coast and threatened the young town of Santa Barbara. The padres armed and trained 150 of the neophytes to prepare for attack. With their help, the [[Santa Barbara Presidio|Presidio]] soldiers confronted Bouchard, who sailed out of the harbor without attacking.<ref>There is a great contrast between the legacy of Bouchard in Argentina versus his reputation in the United States. In Buenos Aires, Bouchard is honored as a brave patriot, while in California he is most often remembered as a pirate, and not a privateer.</ref>


In 1840, Alta California and Baja California were removed from the Roman Catholic Diocese of Sonora to form the Roman Catholic Diocese of Both Californias. Bishop Francisco Garcia Diego y Moreno, OFM, established his cathedral at Mission Santa Barbara, making the chapel the [[pro-cathedral]] of the diocese until 1849. Under Bishop Thaddeus Amat y Brusi, C.M., the chapel again served as a pro-cathedral, for the Roman Catholic Diocese of Monterey in California and then the Roman Catholic Diocese of Monterey-Los Angeles, from 1853&ndash;1876. It is for this reason that of all the California missions, only the chapel at Mission Santa Barbara has two matching bell towers. At that time, that particular architectural feature was restricted to a cathedral church.
===Rancho Period (1834 &ndash; 1849)===
After the Mexican Congress passed ''An Act for the Secularization of the Missions of California'' on August 17, 1833 Father Presidente [[Narciso Durán]] transferred the missions' headquarters to Santa Barbara, thereby making Mission Santa Barbara the repository of some 3,000 original documents that had been scattered through the California missions. The Mission archive is the oldest library in the State of California that still remains in the hands of its founders, the Franciscans. Beginning with the writings of Hubert Howe Bancroft, the library has served as a center for historical study of the missions for more than a century. In 1840, Alta California and Baja California were removed from the Roman Catholic Diocese of Sonora to form the Roman Catholic Diocese of Both Californias. Bishop Francisco Garcia Diego y Moreno, OFM, established his cathedral at Mission Santa Barbara, making the chapel the pro-cathedral of the diocese until 1849.  


When President [[Abraham Lincoln]] restored the missions to the Catholic church on March 18, 1865, the Mission's leader at the time, Friar [[José González Rubio]], came into conflict with Bishop Amat over the matter of whether the Mission should be under the ownership of the Franciscan order rather than the diocese. Bishop Amat refused to give the deed for the Mission to the Franciscans, but in 1925, Bishop John J. Cantwell finally awarded the deed to them.
===California Statehood (1850 &ndash; 1900)===
Under Bishop Thaddeus Amat y Brusi, C.M., the chapel again served as a pro-cathedral, for the Roman Catholic Diocese of Monterey in California and then the Roman Catholic Diocese of Monterey-Los Angeles, from 1853&ndash;1876. It is for this reason that of all the California missions, only the chapel at Mission Santa Barbara has two matching bell towers. At that time, that particular architectural feature was restricted to a cathedral church. President [[Abraham Lincoln]] signed a proclamation on March 18, 1865 that restored ownership of the Mission proper to the Roman Catholic Church.<ref>Leffingwell, p. 63</ref> Thereafter, the Mission's leader at the time (Friar [[José González Rubio]]) came into conflict with Bishop Amat over the matter of whether the Mission should be under the ownership of the Franciscan order rather than the diocese. Bishop Amat refused to give the deed for the Mission to the Franciscans, but in 1925, Bishop John J. Cantwell finally awarded the deed to them.


===20th century and beyond (1901 &ndash; present)===
The Mission also has the oldest unbroken tradition of choral singing among the California Missions and, indeed, of any California institution. The weekly Catholic liturgy is serviced by two choirs, the California Mission Schola and the Cappella Barbara. The Mission archives contain one of the richest collections of colonial Franciscan music manuscripts known today, which remain closely-guarded (most have not yet been subjected to scholarly analysis). The original City of Santa Barbara developed between the Mission proper and the harbor, specifically near [[Presidio of Santa Barbara|El Presidio Reál de Santa Bárbara]] (the "Royal Spanish Presidio"), about a mile southeast of the Mission. As the city grew, it extended throughout the coastal plain; a residential area now surrounds the Mission, although there are public parks and a few public buildings (such as the Natural History Museum) in the area immediately adjacent to the site. Mission Santa Barbara today continues to serve the community as a parish church.
The Mission also has the oldest unbroken tradition of choral singing among the California Missions and, indeed, of any California institution. The weekly Catholic liturgy is serviced by two choirs, the California Mission Schola and the Cappella Barbara. The Mission archives contain one of the richest collections of colonial Franciscan music manuscripts known today, which remain closely-guarded (most have not yet been subjected to scholarly analysis). The original City of Santa Barbara developed between the Mission proper and the harbor, specifically near [[Presidio of Santa Barbara|El Presidio Reál de Santa Bárbara]] (the "Royal Spanish Presidio"), about a mile southeast of the Mission. As the city grew, it extended throughout the coastal plain; a residential area now surrounds the Mission, although there are public parks and a few public buildings (such as the Natural History Museum) in the area immediately adjacent to the site. Mission Santa Barbara today continues to serve the community as a parish church.


<gallery>
==Notes and references==
</gallery>
[[Image:A bell of Santa Barbara.jpg|thumb|right|300px|{{A bell of Santa Barbara.jpg/credit}}<br />View of a bell in one of the towers at Mission Santa Barbara.]]
 
{{reflist|2}}
==Notes==
{{reflist}}

Revision as of 15:32, 8 March 2023

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Spanish missions in California

Deakin SB circa 1899.jpg
Mission Santa Barbara, circa 1899.[1]
HISTORY
Location: Santa Barbara, California
Coordinates: 34° 26′ 18″ N, 119° 42′ 50.1″ W
Name as Founded: La Misión de La Señora Bárbara, Virgen y Mártir [2]
English Translation: The Mission of the Lady Bárbara, Virgin and Martyr
Patron Saint: Saint Barbara of Greece [3]
Nickname(s): "Queen of the Alta California Missions" [4]
Founding Date: December 4, 1786 [5]
Founded By: Father Fermín Lasuén [6]
Founding Order: Tenth [3]
Headquarters of the Alta California Mission System: 1833–1846 [7]
Military District: Second [8]
Native Tribe(s):
Spanish Name(s):
Chumash
Barbareño, Canaliño
Primordial Place Name(s): Xana'yan [9]
SPIRITUAL RESULTS
Baptisms: 5,556 [10]
Marriages: 1,486 [10]
Burials: 3,936 [10]
Year of Neophyte Population Peak: 1803 [11][12]
Neophyte Population: 628 [11][12]
Neophyte Population in 1832: 1,792 [11][12]
DISPOSITION
Secularized: 1834 [3]
Returned to the Church: 1865 [3]
Caretaker: Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Los Angeles
Current Use: Parish Church
Current Land Area: 20 acres
National Historic Landmark: NPS–66000237
Date added to the NRHP: October 15, 1966
California Historical Landmark: #158
Web Site: http://www.sbmission.org

Mission Santa Barbara is a former religious outpost established by Spanish colonists on the west coast of North America in the present-day State of California (U.S. state). Founded on December 4 (the Feast Day of Saint Barbara), 1786 by Roman Catholics of the Franciscan Order, the settlement was the tenth in the twenty-one mission Alta California chain. Named after a 3rd-century Turkish martyr, Mission Santa Barbara features the only under-the-chapel crypt in any California mission, and is the only mission to remain under the leadership of the Franciscan Friars since the day of its founding. The Mission also has the oldest unbroken tradition of choral singing among the California Missions. Designated as a historic landmark at both the state and national levels, today the chapel serves as a parish church within the Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Los Angeles.

History

Mission Period (1769 – 1833)

Mission Santa Barbara's name comes from the legend of Saint Barbara, a girl who was supposedly beheaded by her father for following the Christian Faith. The Mission grounds occupy a rise between the Pacific Ocean and the Santa Ynez Mountains, and were consecrated by Father Fermín Lasuén, who had taken over the presidency of the California mission chain upon the death of Father Presidente Junípero Serra. Originally settled to evangelize the local Chumash (Canaliño) tribe, Mission Santa Barbara is the only mission to remain under the leadership of the Franciscan Friars since the day of its founding. The early missionaries built three different chapels during the first few years, each larger than the previous one. It was only after the great Santa Barbara Earthquake on December 21, 1812,[13] which destroyed the existing buildings, that the construction on the current Mission was begun. It was completed and then dedicated in 1820. The towers were considerably damaged in the June 29, 1925 earthquake,[14] but were subsequently rebuilt. The appearance of the inside of the church has not been altered significantly since 1820.

Many elements of the Mission's extensive water treatment system, all built by Chumash Indian labor (including aqueducts, two reservoirs, and a filter house) remain to this day, as does a grain mill; the larger reservoir, which was built in 1806, has been incorporated into the City's water system. The original fountain and lavadero are also intact near the entrance to the Mission. A dam constructed in 1807 is situated in the current Santa Barbara Botanic Garden up "Mission Canyon." The Mission's tanning vats, pottery kiln, and guard house are all in ruins to this day. In 1818, two Argentine ships under the command of the French privateer Hipólito Bouchard approached the coast and threatened the young town of Santa Barbara. The padres armed and trained 150 of the neophytes to prepare for attack. With their help, the Presidio soldiers confronted Bouchard, who sailed out of the harbor without attacking.[15]

Rancho Period (1834 – 1849)

After the Mexican Congress passed An Act for the Secularization of the Missions of California on August 17, 1833 Father Presidente Narciso Durán transferred the missions' headquarters to Santa Barbara, thereby making Mission Santa Barbara the repository of some 3,000 original documents that had been scattered through the California missions. The Mission archive is the oldest library in the State of California that still remains in the hands of its founders, the Franciscans. Beginning with the writings of Hubert Howe Bancroft, the library has served as a center for historical study of the missions for more than a century. In 1840, Alta California and Baja California were removed from the Roman Catholic Diocese of Sonora to form the Roman Catholic Diocese of Both Californias. Bishop Francisco Garcia Diego y Moreno, OFM, established his cathedral at Mission Santa Barbara, making the chapel the pro-cathedral of the diocese until 1849.

California Statehood (1850 – 1900)

Under Bishop Thaddeus Amat y Brusi, C.M., the chapel again served as a pro-cathedral, for the Roman Catholic Diocese of Monterey in California and then the Roman Catholic Diocese of Monterey-Los Angeles, from 1853–1876. It is for this reason that of all the California missions, only the chapel at Mission Santa Barbara has two matching bell towers. At that time, that particular architectural feature was restricted to a cathedral church. President Abraham Lincoln signed a proclamation on March 18, 1865 that restored ownership of the Mission proper to the Roman Catholic Church.[16] Thereafter, the Mission's leader at the time (Friar José González Rubio) came into conflict with Bishop Amat over the matter of whether the Mission should be under the ownership of the Franciscan order rather than the diocese. Bishop Amat refused to give the deed for the Mission to the Franciscans, but in 1925, Bishop John J. Cantwell finally awarded the deed to them.

20th century and beyond (1901 – present)

The Mission also has the oldest unbroken tradition of choral singing among the California Missions and, indeed, of any California institution. The weekly Catholic liturgy is serviced by two choirs, the California Mission Schola and the Cappella Barbara. The Mission archives contain one of the richest collections of colonial Franciscan music manuscripts known today, which remain closely-guarded (most have not yet been subjected to scholarly analysis). The original City of Santa Barbara developed between the Mission proper and the harbor, specifically near El Presidio Reál de Santa Bárbara (the "Royal Spanish Presidio"), about a mile southeast of the Mission. As the city grew, it extended throughout the coastal plain; a residential area now surrounds the Mission, although there are public parks and a few public buildings (such as the Natural History Museum) in the area immediately adjacent to the site. Mission Santa Barbara today continues to serve the community as a parish church.

Notes and references

(PD) Photo: William Henry Jackson
View of a bell in one of the towers at Mission Santa Barbara.
  1. (PD) Painting: Edwin Deakin
  2. Leffingwell, p. 61
  3. 3.0 3.1 3.2 3.3 Krell, p. 187
  4. Ruscin, p. 89
  5. Yenne, p. 98
  6. Ruscin, p. 196
  7. Yenne, p. 186
  8. Forbes, p. 202
  9. Ruscin, p. 195
  10. 10.0 10.1 10.2 Krell, p. 315: as of December 31, 1832; information adapted from Engelhardt's Missions and Missionaries of California.
  11. 11.0 11.1 11.2 Krell, p. 315: Information adapted from Engelhardt's Missions and Missionaries of California.
  12. 12.0 12.1 12.2 Engelhardt 1920, pp. 300-301
  13. [1]
  14. [2]
  15. There is a great contrast between the legacy of Bouchard in Argentina versus his reputation in the United States. In Buenos Aires, Bouchard is honored as a brave patriot, while in California he is most often remembered as a pirate, and not a privateer.
  16. Leffingwell, p. 63