User talk:Paul Wormer/scratchbook1
Charles Marie de La Condamine (Paris, January 27, 1701 – Paris, February 4, 1774) was a son of Charles de La Condamine and Louise Marguerite Chourses. He studied at the Collège Louis-le-Grand where he was trained in humanities as well as in mathematics. After finishing his studies, he enlisted in the army and fought in the war against Spain (1719). After returning from the war, he became acquainted with scientific circles in Paris. On December 12, 1730 he became a member of the Académie des Sciences and was appointed Assistant Chemist at this Academy.
The next year (May 1731) he sailed with the Levant Company to Constantinople (now Istanbul) where he stayed for five months. After returning to Paris La Condamine submitted in November 1732 a paper to the Academy entitled Mathematical and Physical Observations made during a Visit of the Levant in 1731 and 1732.
Three years later he joined an expedition to present-day Ecuador that had the aim to test a hypothesis of Isaac Newton. Newton had posed that the Earth bulges around the equator and is flattened in the polar regions. Newton's opinion had raised a huge controversy among French scientists. Maupertuis, Clairaut, and Le Monnier traveled to Lapland, where they were to measure the length of several degrees of longitude along the arctic circle, while Godin, Bouguer, and La Condamine were sent to South America to perform similar measurements along the equator.
On May 16, 1735, La Condamine sailed from La Rochelle accompanied by Godin, Bougier, and a botanist Joseph de Jussieu. After stops in Martinique, Santo Domingo, Cartagena (Columbia), they came to Panama where they crossed the continent. Finally (March 10, 1736) the expedition arrived at the Pacific Port of Manta in the province of Quito. From Manta, Condamine took a route separate from Godin and Bouguer and joined them again in Quito on June 4, 1736.
The longitudinal arc that was chosen passed through a high valley perpendicular to the equator, stretching from Quito in the north to Cuenca in the south. The scientists spent a month performing triangulation measurements in the Yaruqui plains, from October 3 to November 3, 1736. December of that year they returned to the capital of the province, Quito. After they arrived there, they found that subsidies expected from Paris had not come in. La Condamine, who had taken precautions and had made in advance a deposit on a bank in Lima, traveled therefore early 1737 to Lima to collect money. He prolonged this journey somewhat to study the Cinchona tree with its medicinally active bark that was hardly known in Europe.
La Condamine, returning to Quito on June 20, 1737, finds that Godin refuses to disclose his findings, and consequently he joins forces with Bouguer. They continue making length measurements in the mountainous and inaccessible region close to Quito. When in December 1741 Bouguer, checking a calculation of La Condamine detects an error, also these two explorers get into a quarrel and stop speaking to each other. The two men, working separately, complete their project in May 1743.
La Condamine chooses to return by way of the Amazon River, a route which is longer and more dangerous. He reaches the Atlantic Ocean at Para on September 19, 1743, having made on the way observations of astronomic and topographic interest. He also studied Cinchona and Rubber trees. In February 1774 we find him in Cayenne, the capital of French Guiana. Finding no passage to France, he waits there for five months making many observations of physical, biological, and ethnological nature. Finally leaving Cayenne in August 1744 he arrives in Amsterdam on November 30, 1744 from where two months to travel to Paris where he arrives in February 1745. He brought with him many notes, natural history specimens, and art objects that he donates to the naturalist Buffon (1707–1788).
The scientific results of the expedition are unambiguous, the Earth is indeed a spheroid flattened at the poles as was believed by Newton. Not unsurprisingly, La Condamine and Bouguer fail to write a joint publication. Only Bouguer's death in 1758 put an end to their quarrel. Godin died in 1760.
The surviving member La Condamine, helped by his writing gifts, obtained most of the credits for the expedition, although he had less talent in astronomy than Godin and was a lesser mathematician than Bouguer.
La Condamine had contracted smallpox in his youth. This led him to take part in the debate on vaccination against the disease and to propagate its use. Helped by the clarity and elegance of his writing, he presented several papers at the Academy of Sciences in which he defended his ideas with passion.
He became a corresponding member of the academies of London, Berlin, St. Petersburg and Bologna and was elected to the l'Académie française on November 29, 1760.
In August 1756, he married with papal dispensation his young niece, Charlotte Bouzia of Estouilly. La Condamine had many friends, the closest being Maupertuis whom he bequeathed his papers. Condamine died at Paris February 4, 1774, following a hernia operation.