Iron deficiency anemia
| Iron deficiency anemia | |
|---|---|
 Red blood cells | |
| ICD-10 | ICD10 F84.0-F84.1 |
| ICD-9 | 280 |
| MeSH | D018798 |
Iron deficiency anemia is the most common type of anemia, and the most common cause of microcytic anemia.
Iron deficiency anemia occurs when the dietary intake or absorption of iron is insufficient, and hemoglobin, which contains iron, cannot be formed. In the United States, 20% of all women of childbearing age have iron deficiency anemia, compared with only 2% of adult men. The principal cause of iron deficiency anemia in premenopausal women is blood lost during menses.
Iron deficiency anemia is the final stage of iron deficiency. When the body has sufficient iron to meet its needs (functional iron), the remainder is stored for later use in the bone marrow, liver, and spleen. Iron deficiency ranges from iron depletion, which yields little physiological damage, to iron deficiency anemia, which can affect the function of numerous organ systems. Iron depletion causes the amount of stored iron to be reduced, but has no effect on the functional iron. However, a person with no stored iron has no reserves to use if the body requires more iron. In essence, the amount of iron absorbed by the body is not adequate for growth and development or to replace the amount lost.
History
A disease believed to be iron deficiency anemia is described in about 1500 B.C. in the Egyptian Ebers papyrus. It was termed chlorosis or green sickness in Medieval Europe, and iron salts were used for treatment in France by the mid-17th century. Thomas Sydenham recommended iron salts as treatment for chlorosis, but treatment with iron was controversial until the 20th century, when its mechanism of action was more fully elucidated.
Symptoms
Iron deficiency anemia is characterized by pallor, fatigue and weakness. Because it tends to develop slowly, adaptation occurs and the disease often goes unrecognized for some time. In severe cases, dyspnea can occur. Unusual obsessive food cravings, known as pica, may develop.
Hair loss and lightheadedness can also be associated with iron deficiency anemia.
Other symptoms
Other symptoms patients with iron deficiency anemia have reported are:
- Constipation
- Tinnitus
- Palpitations
- Seeing Bright ColorsTemplate:Fact
- Fainting, Feeling faint
- DepressionTemplate:Fact
- Weakness
- Breathlessness
- Cognitive dysfunction[1]
- Twitching Nerves, Tingling, Numbness
- Burning sensations
- Sleep apnea (rare)
Diagnosis
Anemia will be diagnosed on the basis of suggestive symptoms, or found on the basis of routine testing, which includes a complete blood count (CBC). A sufficiently low hemoglobin or hematocrit value is diagnostic of anemia, and further studies will be undertaken to determine its cause. One of the first abnormal values to be noted on a CBC will be a high red blood cell distribution width (RDW), reflecting a varied population of red blood cells. A low MCV, MCH or MCHC, and the appearance of the RBCs on visual examination of a peripheral blood smear will narrow the diagnosis to a microcytic anemia.
Evaluation of iron status
The serum ferritin is a lab test for storage iron.[2] Other test that havee been used are serum iron level, and serum transferrin level. While serum iron varies greatly intra-individually also in response to iron intake, the other two parameters mentioned change in an acute phase reaction (ferritin rises and transferrin false) and thus cannot reliably detect iron deficiency in the presence of inflammation. They also do not measure if the iron is actually available for hematopoiesis. Modern tests that circumvent this problem include soluble transferrin receptor (sTfr), Transferrin saturation (TfS or TSAT), the hemoglobin content of reticulocytes or the percentage of hypochromic cells .[3]. Most of these can today be readily determined on automated laboratory analysis systems.
Evaluation of underlying causes
The diagnosis of iron deficiency anemia requires further investigation as to its cause. In adults, 60% of patients with iron deficiency anemia may have underlying gastrointestinal disorders leading to chronic fecal blood loss.[4] Other gastrointestinal causes include malaborption and celiac disease. Additional causes are dietary insufficiency, menstruation, diversion of iron to fetal erythropoiesis during pregnancy, intravascular hemolysis and hemoglobinuria or other forms of chronic blood loss should all be considered.
Treatment
If the cause is dietary iron deficiency, iron supplements, usually with iron (II) sulfate or iron amino acid chelate, can correct the anemia. Chelated iron, while not as widely known as iron sulfate, is ten to fifteen times more bioavailable per mg and has none of the side effects of iron sulfate's sulfur content. Iron supplements must be kept out of the reach of children, as iron-containing supplements are a frequent cause of poisoning in the pediatric age group. If malabsorption is present, it may be necessary to administer iron parenterally (e.g., as iron dextran). Parenteral iron other than in chelated form, however, is generally poorly tolerated.
The replacement dose of iron, at least in the elderly, may be as little as 15 mg per day of elemental iron [5].
Follow up evaluation with retesting of the hemoglobin, hematocrit, and mean corpuscular volume may help demonstrate whether the treatment has been effective. Testing of the reticulocyte count is another way physicians measure a response to iron therapy in iron deficiency. Finally, ongoing testing of iron indices via the ferritin level and maybe TIBC, and serum iron levels are imperative to avoid iron overloading.
References
- ↑ Murray-Kolb LE, Beard JL (2007). "Iron treatment normalizes cognitive functioning in young women". Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 85 (3): 778–87. PMID 17344500. [e]
- ↑ Guyatt G, Patterson C, Ali M, Singer J, Levine M, Turpie I, Meyer R (1990). "Diagnosis of iron-deficiency anemia in the elderly.". Am J Med 88 (3): 205-9. PMID 2178409.
- ↑ Thimas C, Thomas L (2002). "Biochemical Markers and Hematologic Indices in the Diagnosis of Functional Iron Deficiency". Clin Chem 48 (7): 1066-76. PMID 12089176.
- ↑ Rockey D, Cello J (1993). "Evaluation of the gastrointestinal tract in patients with iron-deficiency anemia". N Engl J Med 329 (23): 1691-5. PMID 8179652.
- ↑ Rimon E, Kagansky N, Kagansky M, Mechnick L, Mashiah T, Namir M, Levy S (2005). "Are we giving too much iron? Low-dose iron therapy is effective in octogenarians". Am J Med 118 (10): 1142-7. DOI:10.1016/j.amjmed.2005.01.065. PMID 16194646. Research Blogging.