Osteoarthritis
Osteoarthritis is the most common form of arthritis. It is "a progressive, degenerative joint disease, the most common form of arthritis, especially in older persons. The disease is thought to result not from the aging process but from biochemical changes and biomechanical stresses affecting articular cartilage. In the foreign literature it is often called osteoarthrosis deformans."[1]
Cause / etiology
Leg-length inequality > 1 cm is associated with osteoarthritis of the knee.[2]
Diagnosis
Signs and symptoms
Knee osteoarthritis
Osteoarthritis of the knees is associated with buckling, or sudden giving way, of the knees.[3] This is more likely if the quadriceps muscle is weak.
A screening survey is positive if any one of the following is answered yes:[3]
- During the last 4 weeks, have you had knee pain on most days?
- During the last 4 weeks, have you had knee pain while climbing down stairs or walking down slopes?
- During the last 4 weeks, have you had swelling in one or both knees?
- Do you have knee OA? (If you do, was the diagnosis made by a rheumatologist or a general practitioner?)
- sensitivity = 87%
- specificity = 92%
Using the prevalence of disease in this study (5% to 8%), the predictive values are:
- positive predictive value = 51%
- negative predictive value = 98%
Hip osteoarthritis
A screening survey is positive if any one of the following is answered yes:[3]
- During the last 4 weeks, have you had hip pain (groin or upper thigh) on most days?
- During the last 4 weeks, have you had hip pain while climbing down stairs or walking down slopes?
- During the last 4 weeks, have you noticed any limitation in the range of motion of one or both hips?
- Do you have hip osteoarthritis? (If you do, was the diagnosis made by a rheumatologist or a general practitioner?)
- sensitivity = 93%
- specificity = 95%
Using the prevalence of disease in this study (5% to 8%), the predictive values are:
- positive predictive value = 56%
- negative predictive value = 99%
Treatment
Analgesic medications
The World Health Organization recognizes a "pain ladder" of increasingly potent analgesics to deal with the pain of osteoarthritis. These may be supplemented with adjuvants.
The Disease-Modifying Anti-Rheumatic Drugs (DMARD) used in rheumatoid arthritis and other autoimmune disorders are not indicated in the essentially mechanical wear involved in osteoarthritis.
Analgesics
Acetaminophen
A randomized controlled trial comparing acetaminophen to ibuprofen in x-ray proven mild to moderate osteoarthritis of the hip or knee found that equal benefit.[4] However, acetaminophen at a dose of 4 grams per day can increase liver function tests.[5]
NSAIDs
Tramadol
Opioids
Adjuvants for pain medications
Dietary supplements
Various dietary supplements and complementary and alternative medicine approaches may help.[6] There is no benefit from glucosamine and chondroitin according to a network meta-analysis.[7]
A combination of glucosamine and chondroitin dietary supplements may help moderate to severe osteoarthritis according to the GAIT study while neither supplement seems effective alone.[8] However, longer follow-up of the GAIT study showed the combination group tended to have the most loss of joint space.[9]
Chondroitin
A meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials found no benefit from chondroitin as monotherapy.[10]
Glucosamine
A molecule derived from glucosamine is used by the body to make some of the components of cartilage and synovial fluid.
Neither glucosamine sulfate[11] nor glucosamine hydrochloride[8][9] is effective as monotherapy for osteoarthritis.
S-adenosylmethionine
Acupuncture
Acupuncture is probably not effective according to a meta-analysis that concluded "sham-controlled trials show clinically irrelevant short-term benefits of acupuncture for treating knee osteoarthritis. Waiting list-controlled trials suggest clinically relevant benefits, some of which may be due to placebo or expectation effects."[12]
Intra-articular injections
Intra-articular injections of the hip joint for labral tears may not be effective.[13]
Joint lavage
Joint lavage, with or without corticosteroids, does not help.[14]
Knee bracing and shoe prosthesis
Laterally wedged insoles may (with valgus bracing)[15] or may not (without bracing)[16] benefit some patients with arthritis of the medial knee according to randomized controlled trials.
Surgery
Arthroscopic surgery for osteoarthritis of the knee is not effective according among patients with moderate or severe disease to two randomized controlled trials. However, a number of patients including those with severe disease of two or more compartments of the knee, were excluded.[17][18]
Prognosis
Knee
The strongest predictors of poor functional outcome are age, body mass index, anxiety and pain severity.[19]
Hip
Among patients presenting with hip pain to their general practitioner, the rates of total hip replacement are:[20]
- 12% of patients at 3 years
- 22% after 6 years
Predictors of the need for a total hip replacement are:[20]
- age >/=60 years, morning stiffness
- pain in the groin/medial thigh
- decreased extension/adduction
- painful internal rotation
- body mass index </=30 kg/m(2)
- Kellgren/Lawrence grade of 2 or higher
References
- ↑ Anonymous (2024), Osteoarthritis (English). Medical Subject Headings. U.S. National Library of Medicine.
- ↑ Harvey WF, Yang M, Cooke TD, Segal NA, Lane N, Lewis CE et al. (2010). "Association of leg-length inequality with knee osteoarthritis: a cohort study.". Ann Intern Med 152 (5): 287-95. DOI:10.1059/0003-4819-152-5-201003020-00006. PMID 20194234. Research Blogging.
- ↑ 3.0 3.1 3.2 Felson, David T., Jingbo Niu, Christine McClennan, Burton Sack, Piran Aliabadi, David J. Hunter, et al. 2007. Knee Buckling: Prevalence, Risk Factors, and Associated Limitations in Function. Ann Intern Med 147, no. 8 (October 16): 534-540. http://www.annals.org/cgi/content/abstract/147/8/534 (accessed October 16, 2007). Cite error: Invalid
<ref>tag; name "pmidpending" defined multiple times with different content Cite error: Invalid<ref>tag; name "pmidpending" defined multiple times with different content - ↑ Bradley JD, Brandt KD, Katz BP, Kalasinski LA, Ryan SI (1991). "Comparison of an antiinflammatory dose of ibuprofen, an analgesic dose of ibuprofen, and acetaminophen in the treatment of patients with osteoarthritis of the knee". N. Engl. J. Med. 325 (2): 87-91. PMID 2052056. [e]
- ↑ Watkins PB, Kaplowitz N, Slattery JT, et al (2006). "Aminotransferase elevations in healthy adults receiving 4 grams of acetaminophen daily: a randomized controlled trial". JAMA 296 (1): 87-93. DOI:10.1001/jama.296.1.87. PMID 16820551. Research Blogging.
- ↑ De Silva V, El-Metwally A, Ernst E, Lewith G, Macfarlane GJ, Arthritis Research UK Working Group on Complementary and Alternative Medicines (2011). "Evidence for the efficacy of complementary and alternative medicines in the management of osteoarthritis: a systematic review.". Rheumatology (Oxford) 50 (5): 911-20. DOI:10.1093/rheumatology/keq379. PMID 21169345. Research Blogging.
- ↑ Wandel S, Jüni P, Tendal B, Nüesch E, Villiger PM, Welton NJ et al. (2010). "Effects of glucosamine, chondroitin, or placebo in patients with osteoarthritis of hip or knee: network meta-analysis.". BMJ 341: c4675. DOI:10.1136/bmj.c4675. PMID 20847017. PMC PMC2941572. Research Blogging.
- ↑ 8.0 8.1 Clegg DO, Reda DJ, Harris CL, et al (February 2006). "Glucosamine, chondroitin sulfate, and the two in combination for painful knee osteoarthritis". N. Engl. J. Med. 354 (8): 795–808. DOI:10.1056/NEJMoa052771. PMID 16495392. Research Blogging.
- ↑ 9.0 9.1 Sawitzke AD, Shi H, Finco MF, et al (October 2008). "The effect of glucosamine and/or chondroitin sulfate on the progression of knee osteoarthritis: a report from the glucosamine/chondroitin arthritis intervention trial". Arthritis Rheum. 58 (10): 3183–91. DOI:10.1002/art.23973. PMID 18821708. Research Blogging.
- ↑ Reichenbach S, Sterchi R, Scherer M, et al (2007). "Meta-analysis: chondroitin for osteoarthritis of the knee or hip". Ann. Intern. Med. 146 (8): 580-90. PMID 17438317. [e]
- ↑ Rozendaal RM, Koes BW, van Osch GJ, et al (February 2008). "Effect of glucosamine sulfate on hip osteoarthritis: a randomized trial". Ann. Intern. Med. 148 (4): 268–77. PMID 18283204. [e]
- ↑ Manheimer E, Linde K, Lao L, Bouter LM, Berman BM (June 2007). "Meta-analysis: acupuncture for osteoarthritis of the knee". Ann. Intern. Med. 146 (12): 868–77. PMID 17577006. [e]
- ↑ Martin RL, Irrgang JJ, Sekiya JK (September 2008). "The diagnostic accuracy of a clinical examination in determining intra-articular hip pain for potential hip arthroscopy candidates". Arthroscopy 24 (9): 1013–8. DOI:10.1016/j.arthro.2008.04.075. PMID 18760208. Research Blogging.
- ↑ Avouac J, Vicaut E, Bardin T, Richette P (2010). "Efficacy of joint lavage in knee osteoarthritis: meta-analysis of randomized controlled studies.". Rheumatology (Oxford) 49 (2): 334-40. DOI:10.1093/rheumatology/kep382. PMID 19955221. Research Blogging.
- ↑ van Raaij TM, Reijman M, Brouwer RW, Bierma-Zeinstra SM, Verhaar JA (2010). "Medial knee osteoarthritis treated by insoles or braces: a randomized trial.". Clin Orthop Relat Res 468 (7): 1926-32. DOI:10.1007/s11999-010-1274-z. PMID 20177839. PMC PMC2881986. Research Blogging.
- ↑ Bennell KL, Bowles KA, Payne C, Cicuttini F, Williamson E, Forbes A et al. (2011). "Lateral wedge insoles for medial knee osteoarthritis: 12 month randomised controlled trial.". BMJ 342: d2912. DOI:10.1136/bmj.d2912. PMID 21593096. PMC PMC3100910. Research Blogging.
- ↑ Kirkley A, Birmingham TB, Litchfield RB, et al (September 2008). "A randomized trial of arthroscopic surgery for osteoarthritis of the knee". N. Engl. J. Med. 359 (11): 1097–107. DOI:10.1056/NEJMoa0708333. PMID 18784099. Research Blogging.
- ↑ Moseley JB, O'Malley K, Petersen NJ, et al (2002). "A controlled trial of arthroscopic surgery for osteoarthritis of the knee". N. Engl. J. Med. 347 (2): 81–8. DOI:10.1056/NEJMoa013259. PMID 12110735. Research Blogging.
- ↑ Elaine Thomas et al., “Predicting the course of functional limitation among older adults with knee pain: do local signs, symptoms and radiographs add anything to general indicators?,” Ann Rheum Dis (February 4, 2008): ard.2007.080945.
- ↑ 20.0 20.1 Lievense AM, Koes BW, Verhaar JA, Bohnen AM, Bierma-Zeinstra SM (2007). "Prognosis of hip pain in general practice: A prospective followup study". Arthritis Rheum 57 (8): 1368–1374. DOI:10.1002/art.23094. PMID 18050175. Research Blogging.