L (letter): Difference between revisions
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Final -'''le''' versus final -'''al''': | Final -'''le''' versus final -'''al''': | ||
Adjectives: mûsical, clássical, nåutical, cómical, cónical, particípial, príncipal (head = prínciple first, reason) | |||
Nouns: prínciple (= príncipal, as above) partíciple, pàrticle, fóllicle, múddle, | Adjectives: '''mûsical, clássical, nåutical, cómical, cónical, particípial, príncipal''' (''head'' = '''prínciple''' ''first, reason'') | ||
púddle, cúddle, ẁaddle, dóddle, and mólecule. | |||
Nouns: '''prínciple''' (= '''príncipal''', as above), '''partíciple, pàrticle, fóllicle, múddle, | |||
púddle, cúddle, ẁaddle, dóddle''', and '''mólecule'''. | |||
==See also== | ==See also== | ||
Revision as of 07:52, 23 December 2008
L is a letter of the Latin alphabet. It is the twelfth letter of most variants of the Latin alphabet, being placed after K and before M: for instance it is the case in the English alphabet. Its English name is pronounced [ˈel], that is el.
L is also the Roman numeral representing the number 50.
Use in English
l is a liquid sound: the tongue touches the top of the mouth behind the teeth. Examples (the accents show stress and pronunciation: see English phonemes): lâke, lít, lót, lúng, lòunge, ålways, Álice, alîve, alône, alàrm, lêek vegetable = lêak water, lāst.
l begins consonant clusters: élbow, álcohol, ôld, Álfred, Ólga, élk, Élspeth, ållspîce, élm, hélp, álpha, ålso, ålter, fílth, últra, alvêolar or alveôlar, ålways.
It is silent at the end of words in the combinations -àlm, -ālf: cālf, hālf, càlm, bàlm, quàlm, and in the apparently plural àlms (compare hålt, where the l is pronounced) and also in fôlk, yôlk egg (= yôke ox) tålk, wålk (cf. squåwk) and sálmon; cölonel army = kërnel nut and for most speakers, Hôlmes Sherlock = hômes dwellings.
l likes to double itself at the end of words after short vowels of one letter: íll, fåll, féll, dóll, pôll election (= pôle wood) tôll, bùll, gúll, núll, fíll, Bíll, båll, ståll, fùll (but the unstressed suffix version of fùll has only one l: hôpeful, wònderful) but there can be complications where there is a preceding syllable: BrE inståll can also be instål in AmE, and, in reverse, BrE appål can also be appåll in AmE; both have appålling.
In sátellîte it is the l, not the first t, which is doubled, and in párallel it is the first l - not the r or the second l, as one might expect.
l is single after a two-letter vowel: cråwl, foôl, rêal, fòul horrible = fòwl bird, håul, sôul spirit (= sôle only, fish).
There are actually two l sounds: two l allophones form the l phoneme. Initial l is called light l, while dark l is found in final position, or before another consonant. Light l is pronounced more in the front of the mouth, with the tip of the tongue (as l is always pronounced in French, Italian, Spanish and German); dark l is pronounced with the middle of the mouth and tongue (but not, except in the Cockney accent, virtually as a 'w' as in Portuguese) and lasts longer:
Light l (beginning a syllable): prelíminary, lîght, clínk, líp, allót, flíp, alône, slêek.
Dark l (ending a syllable): ålways, stíll, élse, ålso, dóll, fåll, ålter, fåult, píll, cråwl.
Medial double l is lighter in BrE than in AmE: fílling, téller, bállot, tåller, fållen, instílled.
In some varieties, Welsh English, for example, only light l is used.
Dark, doubled and final, -ll influences the sound of a preceding a: wåll, håll, tåll, åll, fåll, appåll (AmE; BrE appål), gåll, båll, ståll, cåll and måll - but not, strangely, in Páll Máll.
But only one l, plus a consonant, is required in the middle of a word to produce å: fålter, ålter, hålt, hålter, althôugh (ål-), Wålter (cf. wåter), målt, scåld, ålder and the l for most speakers is rendered silent before k: wålk, tålk, chålk, bålk (also spelt båulk).
There can be a similar lengthening effect on ô before final -ll: pôll, tôll, rôll - but not in dóll, lóll or knóll. And also in gôld, tôld, hôld. For some speakers -ôl- has an ô sound that is more like ó plus ù than the normal schwa plus ù: such speakers will tend to distinguish Hôlmes from hômes.
Dark l can follow another single consonant to form a cluster without altering the long sound of the preceding vowel: âble, tâble, îdle, bûgle, nôble (cf. the double consonants in stráddle, ẁaddle, míddle, kéttle, píffle).
A diphthong ending with the sound í adds a schwa before final l, so that ŏil rhymes with lŏyal, and râil with betrâyal.
Final -le versus final -al:
Adjectives: mûsical, clássical, nåutical, cómical, cónical, particípial, príncipal (head = prínciple first, reason)
Nouns: prínciple (= príncipal, as above), partíciple, pàrticle, fóllicle, múddle, púddle, cúddle, ẁaddle, dóddle, and mólecule.