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=== Article of the Week <font size=1>[ [[CZ:Article of the Week|about]] ]</font> ===
The [[U.S. Civil War]] in the U.S. 1861-65, saw the Union (North), led by [[Abraham Lincoln]] and General [[Ulysses S. Grant]] defeat the breakaway Confederacy (South) led by [[Jefferson Davis]] and General [[Robert E. Lee]] and end slavery. Reunion was accomplished by a difficult period of [[Reconstruction]], 1865-1877, in which the freed slaves were given the right to vote.


The war was between the United States (the "Union") and eleven Southern states which declared that they had a right to [[secession]] and formed the [[Confederate States of America]], led by President [[Jefferson Davis]]. The thought "Cotton is King", meaning it was so powerful an economic force that European powers would help them win. The Union, led by Lincoln and the [[U.S. Republican Party, History|Republican Party]], rejected any right of secession. They said they would not interfere with slavery inside the South, but would put it on the path to eventual extinction by preventing its expansion. Fighting began on April 12, 1861, when Confederate forces attacked a U.S. military installation at Fort Sumter in Charleston, South Carolina. Lincoln called for an invasion force to recapture the fort, and four more states, rejecting coercion, joined the Confederacy to make 11 in all.
<font size=1>[[U.S. Civil War|['''more...''']]]</font>


=== New Draft of the Week <font size=1>[ [[CZ:New Draft of the Week|about]] ]</font> ===
 
'''[[Sri Lanka]]''', officially named the '''Democratic Socialist Republic of Sri Lanka''', is an island nation in [[South Asia]], located 31 km off the south-east coast of [[India]]. It was known as '''Ceylon''' before 1972. It is sometimes called the ''Pearl of the Indian Ocean''.
 
[[Image:LTTE areas august 2007.png|left|thumb|150px|{{#ifexist:Template:LTTE areas august 2007.png/credit|{{LTTE areas august 2007.png/credit}}<br/>|}}Areas with major LTTE activity and control]]
 
The language issue is at the root of a bitter civil war; official language is [[Sinhalese language|Sinhala]], but  [[Tamil language|Tamil]] theoretically has the status of a national language.  Tensions between the Sinhalese majority and Tamil separatists erupted into war in 1983, and tens of thousands have died in the ethnic conflict that continues to fester. After two decades of fighting, the government and the Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam (LTTE) formalized a cease-fire in February 2002 with Norway brokering peace negotiations. Violence between the LTTE and government forces intensified in 2006 and the government regained control of the Eastern Province in 2007. In January 2008 the government canceled the cease fire and by March 2008 it launched a major military offensive against the ethnic Tamil insurgents, closing off the battleground to journalists and UN monitors as the peace negotiators left the country. Fear pervades Tamil neighborhoods, which the government raids at night. Few Tamils are willing to speak their minds, lest they be detained under stringent emergency laws.<ref>Somini Sengupta, "Ethnic Divide Worsens as Sri Lanka Conflict Escalates, [http://www.nytimes.com/2008/03/08/world/asia/08lanka.html?_r=1&oref=slogin ''New York Times'' Mar. 8, 2008]</ref>
 
 
<font size=1>[[Sri Lanka|['''more...''']]]</font>
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<h4 style="margin:0 0 0.75em; padding:0;"> '''Article counts''' </h4>
<p style="line-height:21px; padding-left:20px;">
[[:Category:Citable versions of articles|Citable Articles]] <font size=1>('''{{PAGESINCAT:Citable versions of articles}}''')</font><br />
[[:Category:Developed Articles|Developed Articles]] <font size=1>('''{{PAGESINCAT:Developed Articles}}''')</font><br />
[[:Category:Developing Articles|Developing Articles]] <font size=1>('''{{PAGESINCAT:Developing Articles}}''')</font><br />
[[:Category:Stub Articles|Stubs]] <font size=1>('''{{PAGESINCAT:Stub Articles}}''')</font><br />
<small>([[:Category:CZ Live|{{PAGESINCAT:CZ Live}} total articles]])</small>
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<h3 style="margin-top:0; padding-top:0.6em; border-top:1px dotted #e0e0e0;">
<big>[[CZ:Featured article|Featured Article]]: ''[[{{FeaturedArticleTitle}}]]''</big>
</h3>
{{CZ:Featured article/Current}}
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<!-- <s>Strike-through text</s> -->
<div style='text-align: right;'><small>''[[{{FeaturedArticleTitle}}|Continued]]...''</small></div>

Latest revision as of 19:28, 18 February 2024

Help Write Articles about our World

Welcome to Citizendium, a wiki for providing free knowledge where authors use their real names. We regard information as a public good and welcome anyone who wants to share their knowledge on virtually any subject. Our online community prides itself on being congenial and supportive. Read more about who we are.


See Recent Changes—an overview of articles being worked on now.

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Article counts

Citable Articles (145)
Developed Articles (1,143)
Developing Articles (7,878)
Stubs (7,959)
(17,243 total articles)

A word after a word after a word is power.
Margaret Atwood (1939-)
       —add a quotation about knowledge or writing

Featured Article: Telephone newspaper/Citable Version

1901 photograph of a stentor (announcer) at the Budapest Telefon Hirmondó.
Telephone newspaper is a general term for the telephone-based news and entertainment services which were introduced beginning in the 1890s, and primarily located in large European cities. These systems were the first example of electronic broadcasting, and offered a wide variety of programming, however, only a relative few were ever established. Although these systems predated the invention of radio, they were supplanted by radio broadcasting stations beginning in the 1920s, primarily because radio signals were able to cover much wider areas with higher quality audio.

History

After the electric telephone was introduced in the mid-1870s, it was mainly used for personal communication. But the idea of distributing entertainment and news appeared soon thereafter, and many early demonstrations included the transmission of musical concerts. In one particularly advanced example, Clément Ader, at the 1881 Paris Electrical Exhibition, prepared a listening room where participants could hear, in stereo, performances from the Paris Grand Opera. Also, in 1888, Edward Bellamy's influential novel Looking Backward: 2000-1887 foresaw the establishment of entertainment transmitted by telephone lines to individual homes.

The scattered demonstrations were eventually followed by the establishment of more organized services, which were generally called Telephone Newspapers, although all of these systems also included entertainment programming. However, the technical capabilities of the time meant that there were limited means for amplifying and transmitting telephone signals over long distances, so listeners had to wear headphones to receive the programs, and service areas were generally limited to a single city. While some of the systems, including the Telefon Hirmondó, built their own one-way transmission lines, others, including the Electrophone, used standard commercial telephone lines, which allowed subscribers to talk to operators in order to select programming. The Telephone Newspapers drew upon a mixture of outside sources for their programs, including local live theaters and church services, whose programs were picked up by special telephone lines, and then retransmitted to the subscribers. Other programs were transmitted directly from the system's own studios. In later years, retransmitted radio programs were added.

During this era telephones were expensive luxury items, so the subscribers tended to be the wealthy elite of society. Financing was normally done by charging fees, including monthly subscriptions for home users, and, in locations such as hotel lobbies, through the use of coin-operated receivers, which provided short periods of listening for a set payment. Some systems also accepted paid advertising.

Footnotes