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=== Draft of the Week <font size=1>[ [[CZ:Article of the Week|about]] ]</font> ===
[[Image:Stentor_reading.jpg|thumb|150px|1901 photograph of a stentor (announcer) at the Budapest ''Telefon Hirmondó''.]]'''[[Telephone newspaper]]''' is a general term for the [[telephone]]-based news and entertainment services which were introduced beginning in the 1890s, and primarily located in large European cities. These systems were the first example of [[electronic]] [[broadcasting]], and offered a wide variety of programming, however, only a relative few were ever established. Although these systems predated the invention of [[radio]], they were supplanted by radio broadcasting stations beginning in the 1920s, primarily because radio signals were able to cover much wider areas with higher quality audio.
<font size=1>[[Telephone newspaper|['''more...''']]]</font>


=== New Draft of the Week <font size=1>[ [[CZ:New Draft of the Week|about]] ]</font> ===
'''[[Cosmology]]'''<ref>compare with ''cosmogony'' the study of or a theory of the creation and evolution of the universe.  Sometimes creation myths are termed cosmogonies. Greek ''cosmos'':order, the universe, the world + ''gonos'': creation, birth. [http://faculty.gvsu.edu/websterm/mythterms.htm] Webster, M. Grand Valley State University, Allendale Michigan</ref> is a branch of [[astronomy]] and of [[metaphysics]] committed to the study of the universe as a whole, of the contents, structure, and evolution of the universe from the beginning of time to the future.


As a branch of two very old endeavours of humanity, the study of the sky and the origins of the world, it embraces numerous related inquiries concerned with the world we live in and, to the extent it could be imagined and observed, the universe. As a branch of metaphysics it attained some prominence when [[Christian von Wolffe]] published ''Discursus Praeliminaris de Philosophia in Genere'' (1728). Von Wolff placed cosmology in his classification scheme of the main areas of philosophy, distinguishing cosmology from [[ontology]], [[theology]] and [[psychology]], essentially making it a distinctive field of philosophy unto itself. As a philosphy, its nature has been disputed over time since von Wolff but it can be said that generally, it is thought to encompass humanity's experience in, and the nature of, the physical world. As a science, it encompasses the work of observational astronomy and theoretical physics as scholars in both fields attempt to describe and explain the physical universe. Cosmology, as a science, attempts to construct models of the physical universe from observational data which are then tested. Cosmology, as metaphysics, involves a priori investigations of a rational cosmology and the conceptual and categorical analyses of the speculative philosopher.<ref name=Munitz> Munitz, Milton K. (1967) ''Cosmology''. The Encyclopedia of Philosophy. Paul Edwards (Ed.) Vol 2 New York: Macmillan</ref>
 
<font size=1>[[Cosmology|['''more...''']]]</font>
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
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<h4 style="margin:0 0 0.75em; padding:0;"> '''Article counts''' </h4>
<p style="line-height:15px; padding-left:20px;">
[[:Category:Citable versions of articles|Citable]] <font size=1>('''{{PAGESINCAT:Citable versions of articles}}''')</font><br />
[[:Category:Developed Articles|Developed]] <font size=1>('''{{PAGESINCAT:Developed Articles}}''')</font><br />
[[:Category:Developing Articles|Developing]] <font size=1>('''{{PAGESINCAT:Developing Articles}}''')</font><br />
[[:Category:Stub Articles|Stubs]] <font size=1>('''{{PAGESINCAT:Stub Articles}}''')</font><br />
<small>([[:Category:CZ Live|{{PAGESINCAT:CZ Live}} total]])</small>
</p>
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----<h3 style="margin-top:0; padding-top:0.6em; border-top:1px dotted #e0e0e0;">
<big>[[CZ:Featured article|Featured Article]]: ''[[{{FeaturedArticleTitle}}]]''</big>
</h3>
{{CZ:Featured article/Current}}
|}
|}
<div style='text-align: right;'><small>''[[{{FeaturedArticleTitle}}|Continued]]...''</small></div>

Latest revision as of 08:47, 31 October 2024

New Blog Post
Why is Citizendium deleting articles?


Help Write Articles about our World

Welcome to Citizendium, a wiki for providing free knowledge where authors use their real names. We regard information as a public good and welcome anyone who wants to share their knowledge on virtually any subject. Our online community prides itself on being congenial and supportive.

Citizendium Getting Started
Quick Start | About us | Help system | Start a new article | For Wikipedians  


See Recent Changes—an overview of articles being worked on now.

Become a member--it's free!

Join this wiki and start an article
 
Browse the Workgroups:

Agriculture Earth Sciences Journalism Physics
Anthropology Economics Law Politics
Archaeology Education Library & Info. Sci. Psychology
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Please help today!
Please make your donations here.
Donations go to keep our servers running. See our financial report.





















Article counts

Citable (146)
Developed (1,129)
Developing (7,398)
Stubs (7,675)
(16,478 total)

Anything is a legitimate area of investigation.
— Anonymous
       —add a quotation about knowledge or writing


Featured Article: Nuclear power reconsidered

After decades of failure to slow the rising global consumption of coal, oil and gas,[1] many countries have proceeded as of 2024 to reconsider nuclear power in order to lower the demand for fossil fuels.[2] Wind and solar power alone, without large-scale storage for these intermittent sources, are unlikely to meet the world's needs for reliable energy.[3][4][5] See Figures 1 and 2 on the magnitude of the world energy challenge.

Nuclear power plants that use nuclear reactors to create electricity could provide the abundant, zero-carbon, dispatchable[6] energy needed for a low-carbon future, but not by simply building more of what we already have. New innovative designs for nuclear reactors are needed to avoid the problems of the past.

(CC) Image: Geoff Russell
Fig.1 Electricity consumption may soon double, mostly from coal-fired power plants in the developing world.[7]

Issues Confronting the Nuclear Industry

New reactor designers have sought to address issues that have prevented the acceptance of nuclear power, including safety, waste management, weapons proliferation, and cost. This article will summarize the questions that have been raised and the criteria that have been established for evaluating these designs. Answers to these questions will be provided by the designers of these reactors in the articles on their designs. Further debate will be provided in the Discussion and the Debate Guide pages of those articles.

Footnotes

  1. Global Energy Growth by Our World In Data
  2. Countries, organizations, and public figures that have reconsidered their stance on nuclear power are listed on the External Links tab of this article.
  3. Pumped storage is currently the most economical way to store electricity, but it requires a large reservoir on a nearby hill or in an abandoned mine. Li-ion battery systems at $500 per KWh are not practical for utility-scale storage. See Energy Storage for a summary of other alternatives.
  4. Utilities that include wind and solar power in their grid must have non-intermittent generating capacity (typically fossil fuels) to handle maximum demand for several days. They can save on fuel, but the cost of the plant is the same with or without intermittent sources.
  5. Mark Jacobson believes that long-distance transmission lines can provide an alternative to costly storage. See the bibliography for more on this proposal and the critique by Christopher Clack.
  6. "Load following" is the term used by utilities, and is important when there is a lot of wind and solar on the grid. Some reactors are not able to do this.
  7. Fig.1.3 in Devanney "Why Nuclear Power has been a Flop"