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=== '''Help Write Articles about our World''' === | |||
Welcome to '''Citizendium''', a wiki for providing free knowledge where authors use their '''real names'''. We write the kinds of encyclopedia-style articles that Wikipedia and other sites can't write. We regard information as a public good and welcome anyone who wants to share their knowledge on virtually any subject. Our online community prides itself on being congenial and supportive. | |||
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!align=center colspan=3 style="background:#CCFFCC"| '''Our [[Help:Index|help system]] and [[Forum:Home|forum]]''' | |||
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<h4 style="margin:0 0 0.75em; padding:0;"> '''Some of our finest''' </h4> | <h4 style="margin:0 0 0.75em; padding:0;"> '''Some of our finest''' </h4> | ||
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[[:Category:Citable versions of articles|Citable Articles]] <font size=1>('''{{PAGESINCAT:Citable versions of articles}}''')</font><br /> | [[:Category:Citable versions of articles|Citable Articles]] <font size=1>('''{{PAGESINCAT:Citable versions of articles}}''')</font><br /> |
Revision as of 09:22, 17 May 2022
Help Write Articles about our World
Welcome to Citizendium, a wiki for providing free knowledge where authors use their real names. We write the kinds of encyclopedia-style articles that Wikipedia and other sites can't write. We regard information as a public good and welcome anyone who wants to share their knowledge on virtually any subject. Our online community prides itself on being congenial and supportive.
Our goals have changed. Please read about who we are in 2022.
See Recent Changes—an overview of articles we are writing now.
Please help today! |
Please make your donations here. Donations go to keep our servers running. See our financial report. |
Become a member--it's free!
- Join via our application form (Google Account required)
- Start a new article
- Improve existing articles
- Wikipedians are very welcome!
- Read our policies. We strive for objectivity.
- We prefer new material but importing is allowed in certain conditions.
- See articles considered ready for reading.
- Browse articles by Workgroup:
Our help system and forum | ||
---|---|---|
Questions and answers to help you find the information you need |
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Some of our finest
Citable Articles (145) |
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Featured Article: Nuclear proliferationNuclear weapons proliferation is one of the four big issues that have held back worldwide deployment of peaceful nuclear power. This article will address the proliferation questions raised in Nuclear power reconsidered. As of 2022, countries with nuclear weapons have followed one or both of two paths in producing fissile materials for nuclear weapons: enrichment of uranium to very high fractions of U-235, or extraction of fissile plutonium (Pu-239) from irradiated uranium nuclear reactor fuel. The US forged the way on both paths during its World War II Manhattan Project. The fundamental aspects of both paths are well understood, but both are technically challenging. Even relatively poor countries can be successful if they have sufficient motivation, financial investment, and, in some cases, direct or illicit assistance from more technologically advanced countries. The International Non-proliferation RegimeThe International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) has a vigorous program to prevent additional countries from acquiring nuclear weapons. The Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons (NPT) is the cornerstone arrangement under which strategic rivals can trust, by independent international verification, that their rivals are not developing a nuclear weapons threat. The large expense of weapons programs makes it very unlikely that a country would start its own nuclear weapons program, if it knows that its rivals are not so engaged. With some notable and worrying exceptions, this program has been largely successful. Paths to the BombIt is frequently claimed that building a civil nuclear power program adds to the weapons proliferation risk. There is an overlap in the two distinct technologies, after all. To build a bomb, one needs Highly Enriched Uranium (HEU) or weapons-grade plutonium (Pu-239).
Existing reactors running on Low Enriched Uranium (LEU, under 5% U-235) or advanced reactors running on High Assay LEU (HALEU,up to 20% U-235) use the same technology that can enrich uranium to very high levels, but configured differently. Enrichment levels and centrifuge configurations can be monitored using remote cameras, on-site inspections, and installed instrumentation -- hence the value of international inspections by the IAEA. Using commercial power reactors as a weapons plutonium source is an extremely ineffective, slow, expensive, and easily detectable way to produce Pu. Besides the nuclear physics issues, refueling pressurized water reactors is both time-consuming and obvious to outside observers. That is why the US and other countries developed specialized Pu production reactors and/or uranium enrichment to produce fissile cores for nuclear weapons. Future Threats and BarriersMinimizing the risk of future proliferation in states that want to buy nuclear reactors or fuel might require one or more barriers:
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