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{{r|Boson}}

...he LHC physics program has many goals including the search for the [[Higgs Boson]], the last unobserved particle predicted by the [[Standard Model]], as wel ...ves of the ATLAS and CMS collaborations is observation of the scalar Higgs boson. As of March 2011, existence of the Higgs has been excluded in the mass ra

{{r|Boson}}

...is a linear operator that makes a [[wave function]] of ''N'' identical [[boson]]s symmetric under the exchange of the coordinates of any pair of bosons. A ...on 2''I''+1 values, where ''I'' is the integral intrinsic [[spin]] of the boson. For instance, [[photons]] have ''I'' = 1 and σ can have three values

A more recent application of this idea is the [[Higgs boson]], which lowers the symmetry of the [[Quantum chromodynamics|QCD vacuum]] t

...]]. Photons of the same energy ''h''ν are indistinguishable, they are [[boson]]s. The number density of photons corresponds to the intensity of the elect

...are not matter include light ([[photon]]s) and the other massless [[gauge boson]]s, such as [[graviton]]s and [[gluon]]s. Massive gauge bosons such as the ...tisfying when examined closely. In this scheme, elementary massive [[gauge boson]]s of the [[weak force]] have [[mass]], but are not considered matter becau

...lation]]s. The commutation relations of the field operators are those of [[boson]]s, particles of integer spin and he showed that photons have indeed intege

...vefunction/2012/07/23/the-higgs-boson-and-the-future-of-science/ The Higgs boson and the future of science]. ''Scientific American Online'' July 23, 2012.

...mselves). By doing this, the expanded field is converted into a fermion or boson operator field. The expansion coefficients have been promoted from ordinary subject to the boson commutation relations

...([[spin]] 1/2, as dictated for the [[supersymmetric partner]] of a spin 1 boson, the [[gluon]]).

...ded. Each type of interaction is mediated by exchange of quanta that are [[boson]]s, sometimes called ''messenger particles''.<ref name=Britannica/> ...up>+</sup>, W⁻'' are antiparticles of each other and the ''Z'' boson is its own antiparticle.

| journal = Symbiosis: Mechanisms and Systems. Dordercht/boson/London, Kluwer Academic Publishers

...e high-temperature limit of both [[Bose-Einstein statistics]] (valid for [[boson]]s) and [[Fermi function|Fermi-Dirac statistics]] (valid for [[fermions]]).

...udied in order to determine the basic [[quantization]] of the underlying [[boson|bosonic field]]. However, quantum field theory is of interest in many fiel

...ed |publisher=John Wiley and Sons}} and {{cite book |title=Simulation of W boson production in the PHENIX muon spectrometers |author=Kristin Kiriluk |url=ht

...tic forces, [[pion]] exchange for [[nuclear force]]s, [[W boson]]s and [[Z boson]] for the [[weak force]], [[gluon]] exchange for [[Quantum chromodynamics|c

...nge, in which experimentalists are hoping to find evidence for the [[Higgs boson]] and [[supersymmetry|supersymmetric particles]].

...owing products are symmetric (would be valid functions if electrons were [[boson]]s, ''quod non''),

...ly of these [[identical particles|indistinguishable particles]] known as [[boson]]s. The [[Bose-Einstein condensate]] phenomenon was predicted in the 1920s