Diuretic

Diuretics are "agents that promote the excretion of urine through their effects on kidney function."

Symporters:

Membrane transporters that co-transport two or more dissimilar molecules in the same direction across a membrane. Usually the transport of one ion or molecule is against its electrochemical gradient and is "powered" by the movement of another ion or molecule with its electrochemical gradient.

Proximal tubule

• proximal convulated tubule 40% of NaCl reabsorption uses the '''sodium-hydrogen antiporter''' (exchanger)
• late proximal tubule uses the chloride-bicarbonate antiporter (exchanger)

Loop of Henle

• thin descending limb reabsorbs water rather than sodium
• thick ascending limb Henle (also called the diluting segment) uses the sodium potassium chloride symporter 25%

distal convulated tubule 10% of NaCl reabsorption collecting tubule 2-5% of NaCl reabsorption

Classification

Osmotic diuretic

Osmotic diuretics are "compounds that increase urine volume by increasing the amount of osmotically active solute in the urine. Osmotic diuretics also increase the osmolarity of plasma."

Sodium potassium chloride symporter inhibitors

Also called loop diuretics, these are agents that inhibit sodium-potassium-chloride symporters which are concentrated in the thick ascending limb at the junction of the Loop of Henle and distal kidney tubules. They act as diuretics. Excess use is associated with hypokalemia and hyperglycemia.

Thiazides

Thiazides are "heterocyclic compounds with sulfur and nitrogen in the ring. this term commonly refers to the benzothiadiazines that inhibit sodium-potassium-chloride symporters and are used as diuretics."