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== '''[[Emergence (biology)]]''' ==
== '''[[Acute coronary syndrome]]''' ==
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The term '''emergence''' refers to the exhibition of novel collective phenomena in some large systems stemming from a complex organization of their many constituent parts.<ref name=Feltz>  
In [[medicine]] and [[cardiology]], '''acute coronary syndrome''' (ACS) is a collection of [[sign (medical)|signs]] and [[symptom]]s due to inadequate oxygenation of the heart muscle, the [[myocardium]], usually due to [[coronary artery disease]].<ref>{{MeSH}}</ref> ACS includes [[myocardial infarction]] ("heart attack") and  [[angina]].


{{cite book |title=Self-organization and Emergence in Life Sciences |chapter=Introduction |author=Bernard Feltz, Marc Crommelinck, Philippe Goujon |editor=Bernard Feltz, Marc Crommelinck, Philippe Goujon, eds |url=http://books.google.com/books?id=V_fen8hnnFsC&pg=PA1&lpg=PA1 |isbn=1402039166 |year=2006 |publisher=Springer}}
Pain relief and proper oxygenation is the core of ACS treatment. When the root causie is angina, the temporary cause of ischemia should be reversed. For myocardial infarction, more vigorous interventions are appropriate if they can prevent damage to myocardium.


</ref> In [[systems biology]] and [[theoretical biology]], one topic is ''emergence'' in living systems. Often-used examples are termite and bees' nests, made by the cooperative action of multitudes of individuals.  
===Etiology/causes===
====Atheroclerotic obstruction====
ACS is usually caused by obstruction in an epicardial coronary artery.<ref name="pmid18687244">{{cite journal |author=Ong P, Athanasiadis A, Hill S, Vogelsberg H, Voehringer M, Sechtem U |title=Coronary artery spasm as a frequent cause of acute coronary syndrome: The CASPAR (Coronary Artery Spasm in Patients With Acute Coronary Syndrome) Study |journal=J. Am. Coll. Cardiol. |volume=52 |issue=7 |pages=523–7 |year=2008 |month=August |pmid=18687244 |doi=10.1016/j.jacc.2008.04.050 |url=http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0735-1097(08)01872-X |issn=}}</ref> The obstruction may be due to a thrombus at the site of a ruptured atherosclerotic plaque.<ref name="pmid1728732">{{cite journal |author=Mizuno K, Satomura K, Miyamoto A, ''et al'' |title=Angioscopic evaluation of coronary-artery thrombi in acute coronary syndromes |journal=N. Engl. J. Med. |volume=326 |issue=5 |pages=287–91 |year=1992 |month=January |pmid=1728732 |doi= |url= |issn=}}</ref>


In biology emergent behavior includes such things as locomotion, sexual display, flocking, and conscious experiencing.  Emergence is found even in biological ''subsystems'', such as mitochondria and other organelles of living cells.
Rupture seems more likely to occur during the morning hours.<ref name="pmid2865677">{{cite journal |author=Muller JE, Stone PH, Turi ZG, ''et al'' |title=Circadian variation in the frequency of onset of acute myocardial infarction |journal=N. Engl. J. Med. |volume=313 |issue=21 |pages=1315–22 |year=1985 |month=November |pmid=2865677 |doi= |url= |issn=}}</ref> Rupture may be precipited by inflammation from non-cardiac infections.<ref name="pmid18293142">{{cite journal |author=Harskamp RE, van Ginkel MW |title=Acute respiratory tract infections: a potential trigger for the acute coronary syndrome |journal=Ann. Med. |volume=40 |issue=2 |pages=121–8 |year=2008 |pmid=18293142 |doi=10.1080/07853890701753672 |url=http://www.informaworld.com/openurl?genre=article&doi=10.1080/07853890701753672&magic=pubmed&#124;&#124;1B69BA326FFE69C3F0A8F227DF8201D0 |issn=}}</ref> Rupture may be triggered by vigorous exercise among individuals who do not ordinarily do vigorous exercise.<ref name="pmid6472399">{{cite journal |author=Siscovick DS, Weiss NS, Fletcher RH, Lasky T |title=The incidence of primary cardiac arrest during vigorous exercise |journal=N. Engl. J. Med. |volume=311 |issue=14 |pages=874–7 |year=1984 |month=October |pmid=6472399 |doi= |url= |issn=}}</ref>


Emergent properties are viewed by some as novel properties, functions and behaviors, ones not observed in the system's subsystems and their components, and neither explicable nor predictable from even a complete understanding of the components' properties/functions/behaviors considered in isolation. Others take the view that these novel properties are the outcome of interactions between the constituents understandable from microscopic behavior, but more readily envisioned by introduction of novel organizational concepts.
====Coronary vasospasm====
Approximately 15% of NSTEMI and 2% of STEMI patients have no obstruction of coronary vessels and in about half of these patients, spasm can be induced of a coronary artery.<ref name="pmid18687244"/>


''[[Emergence (biology)|.... (read more)]]''
''[[Acute coronary syndrome|.... (read more)]]''


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! style="text-align: center;" | &nbsp;[[Emergence (biology)#Citations and notes|notes]]
! style="text-align: center;" | &nbsp;[[Acute coronary syndrome#References|notes]]
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Revision as of 01:44, 7 September 2012

Acute coronary syndrome

In medicine and cardiology, acute coronary syndrome (ACS) is a collection of signs and symptoms due to inadequate oxygenation of the heart muscle, the myocardium, usually due to coronary artery disease.[1] ACS includes myocardial infarction ("heart attack") and angina.

Pain relief and proper oxygenation is the core of ACS treatment. When the root causie is angina, the temporary cause of ischemia should be reversed. For myocardial infarction, more vigorous interventions are appropriate if they can prevent damage to myocardium.

Etiology/causes

Atheroclerotic obstruction

ACS is usually caused by obstruction in an epicardial coronary artery.[2] The obstruction may be due to a thrombus at the site of a ruptured atherosclerotic plaque.[3]

Rupture seems more likely to occur during the morning hours.[4] Rupture may be precipited by inflammation from non-cardiac infections.[5] Rupture may be triggered by vigorous exercise among individuals who do not ordinarily do vigorous exercise.[6]

Coronary vasospasm

Approximately 15% of NSTEMI and 2% of STEMI patients have no obstruction of coronary vessels and in about half of these patients, spasm can be induced of a coronary artery.[2]

.... (read more)

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