Dance

PD Image
Danish ballerina Lucile Grahns, in a drawing made by an unknown artist in Copenhagen, Denmark (1838).

© Photo: Ester Inbar
The capoeira movement: Bencao performed by Tigre, Abada Capoeira. (Israel, May 2005)

Dance can be defined, in a basic sense as being a continuous sequence of expressive rhythmic movements, performed in the context of culture and ritual. This definition, however, can fit other forms of human movement as well, (for example, martial arts) so narrowing the definition to include only movement considered to be "dance" is somewhat problematic.

Unlike an ordinary sequence of actions and reactions, dance does not need an exterior motive to react to; although dance is often a reaction to other factors, whether exterior, such as music, or interior, such as joy.

Dance movement is sometimes directed towards others, for example in a theatrical piece, where it is characterised as performance artor during a courtship ritual, and sometimes directed inwards, -- in order for the dancer to enter different emotional or mental states.

Dance can then be defined by the cultural context in which it takes place, so ritualised forms of dance can be called entertainment, communication, prayer, courtship, meditation or art, depending on both the context and the situation.

For example, a tribal dance ceremony may be structurally very different from a waltz dance. A waltz has one set of clearly defined rules, tribal dances could have a completely different set of rules, and/or connect body movement to preconceived meaning through ceremony. Differing types of dance can be very different in their emotional states and body expressions, the cultures they originate from share the ability to express human culture and biological programming, and therefore it could be said that all dances share a similar origin.

This still makes a general definition of 'dance' more difficult then specific definitions of existing dances, because it transcends them; but it also points to the possibility that the meaning of dancing could be found in its relationships to the social and internalised contexts in which it occurs.

People also dance to simply experience the sensation of dancing, and this could be called individualistic and specific to certain emotional conditions. If dancing is a sensation that is completely internal, then the physical act of dancing should not be necessary; one can simply feel that one is dancing.

Dance is often accompanied by music, and the rhythms of music are used to coordinate movement. Music does not have to be the origin of dance, since it changes a persons emotional temperament but does not create it. The feeling of dancing or experiencing dancing is already present in your mental state, music is then used to bring that feeling out. Social establishments where dance often gets practised are theatres, nightclubs, dancehalls, and dance classes. The human body is the most commonly used tool for dance, but puppets, animals, instruments and animations can also act out dance.

There is also a possibility that dance has a purely biological basis, with different kinds of repetitive bodily motions releasing various hormones and therefore changing the brains chemistry, or that dance allows a human to release build up tension in there muscles.

This article has divided dance into three related categories spread over several broad ethnic groups:

• Performance dances: Where a dancer performs for an audience, in order to entertain, amuse or move the viewer.
• Social dances: Where different dancers come together in order express there need for social interaction; using dance as a means of communication, finding a suitable partner or showing people there physical abilities.
• Ritual dances:

There are dance forms that cross over into more than one category. Folk dance, for example, a type of social dance, has elements that have become mainstream ballroom. Ballet is normally considered exhibition dancing but is practiced by millions as a hobby.

Western culture

Europe, North-America and Australia. Immigrant groups in South-America and South-Africa.

Performance dances

Ballet

Probably the most easily recognised Western performance dance, due to the unique costuming, the use of classical music and the pointe technique, in which ballerinas (female dancers) are require to dance while balanced on their toes.

See the full article at ballet.

Social dances

Ballroom

See the full article at ballroom dance

Discotheques / Nightclubs

There have long been communal occasions at which dance featured prominently. One of these was the 'dance hall' that became popular in the early to middle part of the twentieth century. The styles of dance practiced in dance halls included ballroom, latin, jazz and swing.

In the latter part of the twentieth century, the dance hall evolved, along with the music being danced to, becoming louder and larger.

In the 1970s, the arrival of popular amplified dance-oriented music saw the traditional dance hall evolve to become much more technological including synchronized lighting used in ways not seen before. Such places were called 'discotheques'. Their popularity in the mid to late 1970s saw the style of music played there being referred to as 'disco' music.

Disco as a musical form suffered from a lack of popular credibility in the 1980s, but the music form, and the venues for dancing to it, simply evolved again into various forms of modern dance music styles -- such as techno, house, garage and handbag -- with the nomenclature for the venue involved shifting from 'discotheque' to 'nightclub'.

Folk dances

Highland dancing

See the full article at Highland dancing

Irish dance

See the full article at Irish dance

Ritual dance

to come

African-American culture

North-America.

Performance dances

to come

Social dances

to come

Breakdance

See the full article at Breakdance

Ritual dance

to come

Native-American culture

North- and South-America

Performance dances

to come

Social dances

to come

Ritual dance

to come

Warrior dance

• American Indians also used warrior dances.

Polonysian culture

Austral-Asia; but not on the mainland of Australia.

Performance dances

to come

Social dances

to come

Ritual dance

to come

Warrior dance

• The Maori warriors have a specialized dance accompanied by loud, rhythmic chanting, used to intimidate the foe. New Zealand sports teams sometimes use a version of this before games