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{{Image|Water drop crop.jpg|center|300px|Each sentence you add is another drop in an expanding sea of words.}}


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<center>'''"Share your knowledge. It's a way to achieve immortality."'''</center>
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<center>'''"The ink of the learned is equal in merit to the blood of the martyrs."'''</center>
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<center>&mdash;[[Benjamin Spock|Dr. Benjamin Spock (1903-1998)]]</center>
<center>'''"Knowledge is the true organ of sight, not the eyes."'''</center>
<center>&mdash;From the [[Panchatantra|Panchatantra]] [http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/440899/Panchatantra (Indian literature)]</center>
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<center>&mdash;From the [[Panchatantra|Panchatantra]] [http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/440899/Panchatantra (Indian literature)]</center>
<center>'''"The ink of the learned is equal in merit to the blood of the martyrs."'''</center>
<center>&mdash;Father Kristoforos, [http://www.randomhouse.com/catalog/display.pperl?isbn=9781400079322&view=rg ''Birds Without Wings''], by [http://www.contemporarywriters.com/authors/?p=auth2 Louis de Bernières (b. 1954)]</center> -->
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=== Draft of the Week <font size=1>[ [[CZ:Article of the Week|about]] ]</font> ===
[[Image:Japaneseinternment.jpg|An internment camp in California {{photo|Ansel Adams}}|right|thumb]]
'''[[Korematsu v. United States]]''' was one of four [[Supreme Court of the United States|United States Supreme Court]] cases that dealt with the constitutionality of the [[Japanese internment]] during [[World War II]]. In its December 18, 1944 decision to uphold the internment, the Court argued forcefully that military necessity legitimates expansive federal government war powers, including those that curtail the civil liberties of specific racial groups.


The December 7, 1941 attack by [[Japan]] on [[Pearl Harbor]] prompted widespread concern about the security of the United States' West Coast and the possibility of espionage by members of its large Japanese-American population. On February 19, 1942, President [[Franklin D. Roosevelt]] responded by issuing [[Executive Order]] (EO) 9066, which authorized the Secretary of War and his designated commanders to establish "military areas" as they see fit and exclude "any or all persons" from entering or remaining within them. The main result of Roosevelt's order was the relocation of more than 100,000 Americans of [[Japanese]] descent from the West Coast into [[internment camp]]s in the interior of the United States. A month later, [[U.S._Congress|Congress]] passed Public Law 503, which criminalized violations of military orders issued as a result of EO 9066.


Persuant to EO 9066, on May 3, 1942, the U.S. army issued Civilian Exclusion Order Number 34, which instructed all persons of Japanese ancestry living in San Leandro, California to evacuate the area by the end of that week. Fred Korematsu, a California-born American citizen whose parents had emigrated from Japan in 1905, refused to comply with the exclusion order.
<font size=1>[[Korematsu v. United States|['''more...''']]]</font>


=== New Draft of the Week <font size=1>[ [[CZ:New Draft of the Week|about]] ]</font> ===
'''[[Vector rotation]]s''' are widely used not only in the sciences, such as [[physics]], [[chemistry]] and [[mathematics]], but are critical for graphics computations in [[computer game]] programs and navigation in space.  A typical example used in computer games would be calculating the graphics for a military tank rolling up a slanted hill, the relative rotation of the tank's turret, and the elevation of the tanks' barrel.  Although a rotation matrix for each point of the tank ''could'' be calculated individually, a more economical method is to calculate a single rotation matrix for the entire tank and apply that solution to every current position of the tank as it rolls up the hill.  Additional rotations are then used for the turret rotation by a second multiplication.


A variety of methods can be used to determine the rotation matrix (in 3D or 4D space) needed to convert vector V<sub>1</sub> into vector V<sub>2</sub>.  Because they provide non-unique results, inverse trigonometry functions should only be used with great caution.  [[Quaternions]], a 4-dimensional approach in 3D space, can also be used, and this method has devoted followers and critics. Although several 3D matrix rotation methods can be used, the method of Hughes (J. Graphics Tools, 2000) is particularly fast, because it avoids time-consuming inverse trigonometry and square root calculations, and avoids computational pitfalls of instability inherent to some of the previous methods. <font size=1>[[Vector rotation|['''more...''']]]</font>  
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<h4 style="margin:0 0 0.75em; padding:0;"> '''Article counts''' </h4>
<p style="line-height:15px; padding-left:20px;">
[[:Category:Citable versions of articles|Citable]] <font size=1>('''{{PAGESINCAT:Citable versions of articles}}''')</font><br />
[[:Category:Developed Articles|Developed]] <font size=1>('''{{PAGESINCAT:Developed Articles}}''')</font><br />
[[:Category:Developing Articles|Developing]] <font size=1>('''{{PAGESINCAT:Developing Articles}}''')</font><br />
[[:Category:Stub Articles|Stubs]] <font size=1>('''{{PAGESINCAT:Stub Articles}}''')</font><br />
<small>([[:Category:CZ Live|{{PAGESINCAT:CZ Live}} total]])</small>
</p>
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----<h3 style="margin-top:0; padding-top:0.6em; border-top:1px dotted #e0e0e0;">
<big>[[CZ:Featured article|Featured Article]]: ''[[{{FeaturedArticleTitle}}]]''</big>
</h3>
{{CZ:Featured article/Current}}
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<div style='text-align: right;'><small>''[[{{FeaturedArticleTitle}}|Continued]]...''</small></div>

Revision as of 12:35, 25 October 2024

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Help Write Articles about our World

Welcome to Citizendium, a wiki for providing free knowledge where authors use their real names. We regard information as a public good and welcome anyone who wants to share their knowledge on virtually any subject. Our online community prides itself on being congenial and supportive. Read more about who we are.

See Recent Changes—an overview of articles being worked on now.

Become a member--it's free!

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Article counts

Citable (146)
Developed (1,129)
Developing (7,403)
Stubs (7,676)
(16,484 total)

Writing is easy. All you do is sit down at a typewriter and open a vein.
— Red Smith
       —add a quotation about knowledge or writing

Featured Article: Nuclear power reconsidered

After decades of failure to slow the rising global consumption of coal, oil and gas,[1] many countries have proceeded as of 2024 to reconsider nuclear power in order to lower the demand for fossil fuels.[2] Wind and solar power alone, without large-scale storage for these intermittent sources, are unlikely to meet the world's needs for reliable energy.[3][4][5] See Figures 1 and 2 on the magnitude of the world energy challenge.

Nuclear power plants that use nuclear reactors to create electricity could provide the abundant, zero-carbon, dispatchable[6] energy needed for a low-carbon future, but not by simply building more of what we already have. New innovative designs for nuclear reactors are needed to avoid the problems of the past.

(CC) Image: Geoff Russell
Fig.1 Electricity consumption may soon double, mostly from coal-fired power plants in the developing world.[7]

Issues Confronting the Nuclear Industry

New reactor designers have sought to address issues that have prevented the acceptance of nuclear power, including safety, waste management, weapons proliferation, and cost. This article will summarize the questions that have been raised and the criteria that have been established for evaluating these designs. Answers to these questions will be provided by the designers of these reactors in the articles on their designs. Further debate will be provided in the Discussion and the Debate Guide pages of those articles.

Footnotes

  1. ↑ Global Energy Growth by Our World In Data
  2. ↑ Countries, organizations, and public figures that have reconsidered their stance on nuclear power are listed on the External Links tab of this article.
  3. ↑ Pumped storage is currently the most economical way to store electricity, but it requires a large reservoir on a nearby hill or in an abandoned mine. Li-ion battery systems at $500 per KWh are not practical for utility-scale storage. See Energy Storage for a summary of other alternatives.
  4. ↑ Utilities that include wind and solar power in their grid must have non-intermittent generating capacity (typically fossil fuels) to handle maximum demand for several days. They can save on fuel, but the cost of the plant is the same with or without intermittent sources.
  5. ↑ Mark Jacobson believes that long-distance transmission lines can provide an alternative to costly storage. See the bibliography for more on this proposal and the critique by Christopher Clack.
  6. ↑ "Load following" is the term used by utilities, and is important when there is a lot of wind and solar on the grid. Some reactors are not able to do this.
  7. ↑ Fig.1.3 in Devanney "Why Nuclear Power has been a Flop"

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