Binomial theorem: Difference between revisions

From Citizendium
Jump to navigation Jump to search
imported>Johan Förberg
(added simple definition to be understood easily)
mNo edit summary
 
(2 intermediate revisions by one other user not shown)
Line 5: Line 5:
: <math> (x + y)^n = \sum_{k=0}^n {n \choose k} x^k y^{n-k}, </math>
: <math> (x + y)^n = \sum_{k=0}^n {n \choose k} x^k y^{n-k}, </math>


or, equivalently,
where
 
: <math> {n \choose k} = \frac{n!}{k!(n - k)!} </math>
 
is a [[binomial coefficient]]. Another useful way of stating it is the following:
 
<math>(x + y)^n = {n \choose 0} x^n + {n \choose 1} x^{n-1} y + {n \choose 2} x^{n-2} y^2 + \ldots + {n \choose n} y^n</math>
 
===Pascal's triangle===


: <math> (x + y)^n = \sum_{k=0}^n {n \choose k} y^k x^{n-k}, </math>
An alternate way to find the binomial coefficients is by using [[Pascal's triange]]. The triangle is built from apex down, starting with the number one alone on a row. Each number is equal to the sum of the two numbers directly above it.


where
n=0        1
n=1        1 1
n=2      1 2 1
n=3      1 3 3 1
n=4    1 4 6 4 1
n=5  1 5 10 10 5 1


: <math> {n \choose k} = \frac{n!}{k!(n - k)!} </math>
Thus, the binomial coefficients for the expression <math>(x + y)^4</math> are 1, 3, 6, 4, and 1.


is a [[binomial coefficient]].
==Proof==


One way to prove this identity is by [[mathematical induction]].
One way to prove this identity is by [[mathematical induction]].
'''Proof''':


'''Base case''': n = 0
'''Base case''': n = 0
Line 42: Line 53:
and the proof is complete.
and the proof is complete.


== The first several cases ==
== Examples ==
 
These are the expansions from 0 to 6.


<math> \begin{align}
<math> \begin{align}
Line 56: Line 69:
== Newton's binomial theorem ==
== Newton's binomial theorem ==


There is also '''Newton's binomial theorem''', proved by [[Isaac Newton]], that goes beyond elementary algebra into mathematical analysis, which expands the same sum (''x''&nbsp;+&nbsp;''y'')<sup>''n''</sup> as an infinite series when ''n'' is not an integer or is not positive.
There is also '''Newton's binomial theorem''', proved by [[Isaac Newton]], that goes beyond elementary algebra into mathematical analysis, which expands the same sum (''x''&nbsp;+&nbsp;''y'')<sup>''n''</sup> as an infinite series when ''n'' is not an integer or is not positive.[[Category:Suggestion Bot Tag]]

Latest revision as of 17:00, 18 July 2024

This article is developing and not approved.
Main Article
Discussion
Related Articles  [?]
Bibliography  [?]
External Links  [?]
Citable Version  [?]
 
This editable Main Article is under development and subject to a disclaimer.

In elementary algebra, the binomial theorem or the binomial expansion is a mechanism by which expressions of the form can be expanded. It is the identity that states that for any non-negative integer n,

where

is a binomial coefficient. Another useful way of stating it is the following:

Pascal's triangle

An alternate way to find the binomial coefficients is by using Pascal's triange. The triangle is built from apex down, starting with the number one alone on a row. Each number is equal to the sum of the two numbers directly above it.

n=0         1
n=1        1 1
n=2       1 2 1
n=3      1 3 3 1
n=4     1 4 6 4 1
n=5   1 5 10 10 5 1

Thus, the binomial coefficients for the expression are 1, 3, 6, 4, and 1.

Proof

One way to prove this identity is by mathematical induction.

Base case: n = 0

Induction case: Now suppose that it is true for n : and prove it for n + 1.

and the proof is complete.

Examples

These are the expansions from 0 to 6.

Newton's binomial theorem

There is also Newton's binomial theorem, proved by Isaac Newton, that goes beyond elementary algebra into mathematical analysis, which expands the same sum (x + y)n as an infinite series when n is not an integer or is not positive.