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A '''citation''' allows the reader to verify a statement made in the text, see the source of data, gain more detail about a claim, or to explore the original context of a quoted passage.  


Scholarly and technical publications use many different formats for citing previously published work in their articles.
==Generating the citation list==
 
To insert a note or reference, the text is marked with a superscript [[hyperlink]] that is linked to a note, like this,<ref name=Example1>A definitive direction to the source of the information is supplied here.</ref>. This may direct the reader to a reliable source that validates the statement, such as a book, a scholarly journal, or a government agency website, or to a note that makes an explanatory comment or adds a tangential piece of information. The citation mark is usually placed after the section to which the citation is most relevant, or at the end of the paragraph, where more than one source of validation may be indicated.<ref name=Several1>Source 1.
A '''citation''' allows the reader to verify a statement made in the text, to see the source of data, to gain more statistical detail, or to explore the original context of a quoted passage. Often, the text is marked with a superscripted number<ref name=Example1>An unambiguous direction to the source of the information is supplied here.</ref> just after the section to which the citation is most relevant, or at the end of the relevant paragraph, where there may be more that one source indicated.<ref name=Several1>Source 1.
* Source 2.
* Source 2.
* Source 3. (This is what we are doing in many Citizendium biology pages to make the text less cluttered).</ref>
* Source 3. (This is what we are doing in many Citizendium biology pages to reduce clutter).</ref> It should be placed after any punctuation mark and there should be no space before it.


The superscripted mark may be a numeral, a Roman numeral, or a letter. Alternatively, the main authors of the cited reference source plus a date, in parentheses as in (Smith, 1997) may be provided. Variants of this approach are (Jones, 1997a) if Jones is cited for more than one 1997 article, and (Smith and Jones, 2000), and Timorof ''et al.'' 1927). ''Et al.'' is for ''et alia'', meaning 'and others' in Latin, and this is usually used if there are more than three authors.
This  minimizes the number of superscripted numbers appearing in the text. The markup code used to produce the note [1] is:


With word processing programs, it is easy to develop automatically generated, correctly numbered citations in documents. With Mediawiki software used for Citizendium, for example, there are good tools for annotating text with citations and generating a master list of sources, usually near the end of the article as end-notes. In some publications, citations are included in the footnotes on each page. Precise attention to the format and consistency of citations and other bibliographic information is expected in professional quality manuscripts.  
<pre><ref name=Example1>A definitive direction to the source of the information is supplied here.</ref></pre>


==Examples of citation styles==
If a citation is used several times in the one article it is useful to give the citation a name. This is done the first time a source is used by using the markup <nowiki><ref name=Dickens1859></nowiki>.<ref name=Dickens1859>Charles Dickens (1859) ''A Tale of Two Cities''.</ref>
Here are three examples of citations from ''Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, USA'', a well respected scientific journal (often called just ''PNAS'' by scientists).  


The named reference markup for the note [3] is easy to repeat here using its name.<ref name=Dickens1859 />


:1.  Lockhart, P. J., Steel, M. A., Hendy, M. D. & Penny, D. (1994) Mol. Biol. Evol. '''11''', 605-612
==Listing the 'references' or 'notes' ==
The <nowiki><references/></nowiki> markup symbol produces the following result when placed just here:
<references/>


:2. Syvanen, M. & Kado, C. I., eds. (1998) Horizontal Gene Transfer (Chapman & Hall, London).
The <nowiki><references/></nowiki> markup produces a list of all notes used in the text.  
See how note [3] has two symbols which are superscripted links referring back to where [3] was used in the text. Note how the references are organized in numerical order automatically.
Generally, the citation list is placed directly after the main article.<ref>''Chicago Manual of Style'', 14th ed., Part 1, see section 1.82, "Back Matter."  This edition of the Chicago Manual of Style discusses the construction of a "book."</ref>


:3. Day, M. (1998) in Horizontal Gene Transfer, eds. Syvanen, M. & Kado, C. I. (Chapman & Hall, London), pp. 144-167.
Besides the <nowiki><references/></nowiki> template, Citizendium provides the <nowiki>{{Reflist}}</nowiki> and its variants described at [[CZ: List-defined references]].


==Preferred reference style==


Citation 1 is a journal citation but unfortunately for the reader PNAS USA does not give the article's title. Note the volume number is given in bold text, followed by page numbers.
For scientific articles, the preferred style is very similar to the internet publication [http://journals.plos.org/plosbiology/guidelines.php Public Library of Science Biology] (PLoS Biology):
2 is a book and 3 a book chapter.


'''Journal articles'''
:Benner SA ''et al.'' (1989) Modern metabolism as a palimpsest of the RNA world ''Proc Natl Acad Sci USA'' 86:7054-8 PMID 2476811


The following another  PNAS USA citation of an article in the journal ''Molecular Biology and Evolution'', published by Oxford Journals:
Note that ''et al.'' stands for the Latin ''et alia'', meaning 'and others', and is used when there are more than two authors.


: 4.  Lake, J. A. (1991) Mol. Biol. Evol. '''8''', 378-385
'''Electronic Journal Articles'''
:Loker WM (1996) "Campesinos" and the crisis of modernization in Latin America ''Jour Pol Ecol'' 3. Available: http://www.library.arizona.edu/ej/jpe/volume_3/ascii-lokeriso.txt. Accessed 11 August 2006.


It is available on line as a [http://mbe.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/reprint/8/3/378?ijkey=3be4240c3ec4499652a784fcc2b022ccc645f0ae&keytype2=tf_ipsecsha pdf file]
'''Books'''
:Richard Dawkins (2004) ''The Ancestor's Tale''  ISBN 0618005838; Audio (2005) ISBN 0752873210 [http://www.metacritic.com/books/authors/dawkinsrichard/ancestorstale Reviews here]


Here we will find, at last, an article ''title'':
'''Book Chapters'''
:Hansen B (1991) New York City epidemics and history for the public. In: Harden VA, Risse GB, editors. ''AIDS and the historian'' Bethesda: National Institutes of Health pp. 21–8


: Letter to the Editor. The Order of Sequence Alignment Can Bias the Selection of Tree Topology. James A. Lake


In the text of Lake (1991), the citation style is like this: (Lake et al. 1984; Woese and Olsen 1986), and in the end-notes the citations are listed like this:
===Journal abbreviations===
There are several different conventions for abbreviating Journal titles. The most common convention in scientific journals is that used by Index Medicus (and followed by PubMed). Abbreviations follow complex rules; for instance "-ogy" is always lost, so Biology becomes Biol); one exception to this is that where the title of a journal is a single word this is never abbreviated. Thus ''The Journal of Endocrinology'' is abbreviated as ''J Endocrinol'', but ''Endocrinology'' is left unabbreviated.


:LITERATURE CITED
The National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) provides a service for [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=journals  looking up]  journal names and abbreviations, and a list of journal names.
:BALDACCI, B., F. GUINET, J. TILLIT, G. ZACCAI, and A.-M. DE RECONDO. 1990. Functional
:implications related to the gene structure of the elongation factor EF-Tu form ''Halobacterium''
:''marismortui''. Nucleic Acids Res. '''18''':507-511.


==Electronic publications and hyper-linked citation resources==
The use of hyper-links to readily available publications available through the www is encouraged.  Some resources, such as JSTOR, Project Muse, ''New York Times'', and other electronic archives are readily available to researchers through their institutional affiliations.  For the general public however, access is limited.  JSTOR recommends that independent researchers (1) join a participating publisher or scholarly society, (2) visit a subscribing library, or (3) purchase the article from the publisher.[http://www.jstor.org/logon?S1=c0a83465.11653e360350&T=6]


The article titles are given in full, but the system for providing page numbers is different from PNAS USA, and the author's names are capitalized.
When you hyper-link a citation resource, include a short notation such as [http://www.jstor.org/help/access_options.html online source].
 
In short, many different citation styles are used today in scholarly literature.
 
==How can authors work out how to cite publications correctly==
A guide for how to provide citation details is provided to prospective authors by each scholarly publication. One accessible example is from the internet publication [http://journals.plos.org/plosbiology/guidelines.php Public Library of Science Biology] (PLoS Biology), an Open Access journal. They give the following guidelines for submitted manuscripts:
 
"PLoS uses the numbered citation (citation-sequence) method. References are listed and numbered in the order that they appear in the text. In the text, citations should be indicated by the reference number in brackets. Multiple citations within a single set of brackets should be separated by commas. Where there are more than three sequential citations, they should be given as a range. ... For all references, list the first five authors; add "et al." if there are additional authors. You can include a DOI number for the full-text article as an alternative to or in addition to traditional volume and page numbers. Please use the following style for the reference list:
 
'''Published Papers'''
 
1. Sanger F, Nicklen S, Coulson AR (1977) DNA sequencing with chain-terminating inhibitors. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 74: 5463–5467.


'''Accepted Papers'''
When providing a doi (digital object identifier) for an article, format it as
<pre>[http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.86.18.7054 Article title.]</pre>


Same as above, but "In press" appears instead of the page numbers. Example: Adv Clin Path. In press.
This produces a direct link to the article's abstract, and links to full-text and downloadable PDF. For example:
 
:[http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.86.18.7054 Modern metabolism as a palimpsest of the RNA world.]
'''Electronic Journal Articles'''


1. Loker WM (1996) "Campesinos" and the crisis of modernization in Latin America. Jour Pol Ecol 3. Available: http://www.library.arizona.edu/ej/jpe/volume_3/ascii-lokeriso.txt. Accessed 11 August 2006.
==Avoid "ibid."==
If you have two or more footnotes in a row that cite the same source, avoid using "ibid." (the abbreviation for Latin ''ibidem,'' "in the same place") for the ones following the first one. If another author inserts text in the middle of the article and cites another source, then the subsequent "ibid."s will suddenly refer to the wrong source.


'''Books'''
To prevent this confusing result, you can cite the previously-cited source using the author's surname plus either "op. cit." (abbreviation for "work cited") or a shortened title of the work. For example, if the first citation is


1. Bates B (1992) Bargaining for life: A social history of tuberculosis. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press. 435 p.
1. Robert Peters, ''Where the Bee Sucks: Workers, Drones and Queens of Contemporary American Poetry,'' p. 140.


'''Book Chapters'''
then the second could be either


1. Hansen B (1991) New York City epidemics and history for the public. In: Harden VA, Risse GB, editors. AIDS and the historian. Bethesda: National Institutes of Health. pp. 21–28."
2. Peters, op. cit., p. 191.


(End of direct quote from PLoS Biology)
or


==Abbreviations and their meaning==
2. Peters, ''Where the Bee Sucks,'' p. 191.
===Journal abbreviations===
 
==Types of bibliographic information==
==PubMed==
 
==Electronic publications and hyper-linked citation resources==


==Practice at Citizendium==
==Practice at Citizendium==
The principles behind the choice of any style of citations to provide the reader with enough information to find the source for himself or herself, with efficient use of limited space  and an aesthetically pleasing appearance on the page. Although Citizendium is an electronic encyclopedia, there are nevertheless limitations on space to enable articles to be printed compactly. Electronic links mean that, strictly, fewer details need be given to enable sources to be located efficiently - for a citation on PubMed everything is redundant except the PMID number. However citations do more than merely point to a source, they are also open acknowledgements of the origin of ideas and information. Listing sources clearly is an explicit and courteous recognition of the debt that authors have to other authors.
The principles behind the choice of any style of citations is to provide the reader with enough information to find the source for himself or herself, with efficient use of limited space  and an aesthetically pleasing appearance on the page. Electronic links mean that, strictly, fewer details need be given to enable sources to be located efficiently - for a citation on PubMed everything is redundant except the PMID number. However citations do more than merely point to a source, they are also open acknowledgments of the origin of ideas and information. Listing sources clearly is an explicit and courteous recognition of the debt that authors have to other authors.


==References==
==References==
====Citations====
<references/>
<references/>


 
{{Content Policy}}
 
[[Category:CZ Live]]
[[Category:Biology Workgroup]]
[[Category:Biology Workgroup (Top)]]
[[Category:Library and Information Science Workgroup]]

Latest revision as of 06:25, 20 September 2011

A citation allows the reader to verify a statement made in the text, see the source of data, gain more detail about a claim, or to explore the original context of a quoted passage.

Generating the citation list

To insert a note or reference, the text is marked with a superscript hyperlink that is linked to a note, like this,[1]. This may direct the reader to a reliable source that validates the statement, such as a book, a scholarly journal, or a government agency website, or to a note that makes an explanatory comment or adds a tangential piece of information. The citation mark is usually placed after the section to which the citation is most relevant, or at the end of the paragraph, where more than one source of validation may be indicated.[2] It should be placed after any punctuation mark and there should be no space before it.

This minimizes the number of superscripted numbers appearing in the text. The markup code used to produce the note [1] is:

<ref name=Example1>A definitive direction to the source of the information is supplied here.</ref>

If a citation is used several times in the one article it is useful to give the citation a name. This is done the first time a source is used by using the markup <ref name=Dickens1859>.[3]

The named reference markup for the note [3] is easy to repeat here using its name.[3]

Listing the 'references' or 'notes'

The <references/> markup symbol produces the following result when placed just here:

  1. A definitive direction to the source of the information is supplied here.
  2. Source 1.
    • Source 2.
    • Source 3. (This is what we are doing in many Citizendium biology pages to reduce clutter).
  3. Jump up to: 3.0 3.1 Charles Dickens (1859) A Tale of Two Cities.

The <references/> markup produces a list of all notes used in the text. See how note [3] has two symbols which are superscripted links referring back to where [3] was used in the text. Note how the references are organized in numerical order automatically. Generally, the citation list is placed directly after the main article.[1]

Besides the <references/> template, Citizendium provides the {{Reflist}} and its variants described at CZ: List-defined references.

Preferred reference style

For scientific articles, the preferred style is very similar to the internet publication Public Library of Science Biology (PLoS Biology):

Journal articles

Benner SA et al. (1989) Modern metabolism as a palimpsest of the RNA world Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 86:7054-8 PMID 2476811

Note that et al. stands for the Latin et alia, meaning 'and others', and is used when there are more than two authors.

Electronic Journal Articles

Loker WM (1996) "Campesinos" and the crisis of modernization in Latin America Jour Pol Ecol 3. Available: http://www.library.arizona.edu/ej/jpe/volume_3/ascii-lokeriso.txt. Accessed 11 August 2006.

Books

Richard Dawkins (2004) The Ancestor's Tale ISBN 0618005838; Audio (2005) ISBN 0752873210 Reviews here

Book Chapters

Hansen B (1991) New York City epidemics and history for the public. In: Harden VA, Risse GB, editors. AIDS and the historian Bethesda: National Institutes of Health pp. 21–8


Journal abbreviations

There are several different conventions for abbreviating Journal titles. The most common convention in scientific journals is that used by Index Medicus (and followed by PubMed). Abbreviations follow complex rules; for instance "-ogy" is always lost, so Biology becomes Biol); one exception to this is that where the title of a journal is a single word this is never abbreviated. Thus The Journal of Endocrinology is abbreviated as J Endocrinol, but Endocrinology is left unabbreviated.

The National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) provides a service for looking up journal names and abbreviations, and a list of journal names.

Electronic publications and hyper-linked citation resources

The use of hyper-links to readily available publications available through the www is encouraged. Some resources, such as JSTOR, Project Muse, New York Times, and other electronic archives are readily available to researchers through their institutional affiliations. For the general public however, access is limited. JSTOR recommends that independent researchers (1) join a participating publisher or scholarly society, (2) visit a subscribing library, or (3) purchase the article from the publisher.[1]

When you hyper-link a citation resource, include a short notation such as online source.

When providing a doi (digital object identifier) for an article, format it as

[http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.86.18.7054 Article title.]

This produces a direct link to the article's abstract, and links to full-text and downloadable PDF. For example:

Modern metabolism as a palimpsest of the RNA world.

Avoid "ibid."

If you have two or more footnotes in a row that cite the same source, avoid using "ibid." (the abbreviation for Latin ibidem, "in the same place") for the ones following the first one. If another author inserts text in the middle of the article and cites another source, then the subsequent "ibid."s will suddenly refer to the wrong source.

To prevent this confusing result, you can cite the previously-cited source using the author's surname plus either "op. cit." (abbreviation for "work cited") or a shortened title of the work. For example, if the first citation is

1. Robert Peters, Where the Bee Sucks: Workers, Drones and Queens of Contemporary American Poetry, p. 140.

then the second could be either

2. Peters, op. cit., p. 191.

or

2. Peters, Where the Bee Sucks, p. 191.

Practice at Citizendium

The principles behind the choice of any style of citations is to provide the reader with enough information to find the source for himself or herself, with efficient use of limited space and an aesthetically pleasing appearance on the page. Electronic links mean that, strictly, fewer details need be given to enable sources to be located efficiently - for a citation on PubMed everything is redundant except the PMID number. However citations do more than merely point to a source, they are also open acknowledgments of the origin of ideas and information. Listing sources clearly is an explicit and courteous recognition of the debt that authors have to other authors.

References

  1. Chicago Manual of Style, 14th ed., Part 1, see section 1.82, "Back Matter." This edition of the Chicago Manual of Style discusses the construction of a "book."


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