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Amphiboly
From Citizendium, the Citizens' Compendium
Amphiboly is the phenomenon wherein one sentence (or, more generally, one string of symbols) in a language obtains two or more constituent structures (see syntax) according to one grammar. This leads to ambiguity. In natural languages, each constituent structure typically corresponds to a different meaning. For example, in English, the sentence
"I saw the sailor with a telescope"
obtains two possible constituent structures:
and 
In Figure 1, "with a telescope" describes how the sailor is being seen, whereas in Figure 2, "with a telescope" identifies which sailor is being seen.
Parsing with any remotely realistic natural language grammar either devised by hand or extracted from corpora usually yields several constituent structures for each sentence, and so one of the chief occupations of computational linguistics is determining which of the constituent structures found corresponds to the intended reading. Moreover, as humans usually agree on which of the constituent structures is correct with very little effort, psycholinguists investigate which factors prompt the selection of one constituent structure over another.
