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<center>'''"Share your knowledge. It's a way to achieve immortality."'''</center>
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<center>'''"Knowledge is the true organ of sight, not the eyes."'''</center>
<center>&mdash;From the [[Panchatantra|Panchatantra]] [http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/440899/Panchatantra (Indian literature)]</center>
<center>'''"The ink of the learned is equal in merit to the blood of the martyrs."'''</center>
<center>&mdash;Father Kristoforos, [http://www.randomhouse.com/catalog/display.pperl?isbn=9781400079322&view=rg ''Birds Without Wings''], by [http://www.contemporarywriters.com/authors/?p=auth2 Louis de Bernières (b. 1954)]</center> -->
<center>'''"Knowledge is the true organ of sight, not the eyes."'''</center>
<center>&mdash;From the [[Panchatantra|Panchatantra]] [http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/440899/Panchatantra (Indian literature)]</center>
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=== Article of the Week <font size=1>[ [[CZ:Article of the Week|about]] ]</font> ===
{{Image|Grey Nurse Shark.jpg|right|200px|This grey nurse shark (''[[Carcharias taurus]]'') and the smaller [[fish]] surrounding it are animals.}}
'''[[Animal]]s''' (from the Latin ''animale'' and ''animalis'', meaning "living", and ''anima'', meaning "vital breath", or "soul") are those [[organism]]s classified into the [[kingdom (biology)|kingdom]] '''Animalia'''. Together they make up a wide segment of [[life]]—[[biologist]]s estimate their [[species]] to number many millions—and include an incredibly [[biodiversity|diverse array]] of both familiar and strange creatures, ranging from [[hawk]]s to [[human]]s and from [[sea slug]]s to [[spider]]s. Nonetheless, they all share certain characteristics: all animals are [[multicellularity|multicellular]] [[eukaryote]]s, [[heterotrophism|ingest their food]], and [[locomotion|move]] by their own power at some point in their [[life cycle]]. Animals are essential [[consumer]]s in many [[ecosystem]]s and many are also important in [[human]] [[society|societies]] and [[economy|economies]].


====Definition====
Like "[[plant]]", the term "animal" has gone through several definitions along history. Animals—moving life—were distinguished from plants—unmoving life—by Aristotle in his works on metaphysics and logic. Aristotle continued to influence classification of plants all the way to Carl Linnaeus, who divided all life into the two kingdoms Animalia and Vegetabilia. Some animals such as [[coral]] were considered plants because they appeared sessile and similar to plants' branches. Additionally, many [[protist]]s were formerly classified as "microscopic animals" because, like animals, they actively moved and ate other organisms.<font size=1>[[Animal|['''more...''']]]</font>




=== New Draft of the Week <font size=1>[ [[CZ:New Draft of the Week|about]] ]</font> ===
|rowspan=2 style="width:50%; border:1px solid #e9e9e9; border-color:rgba(0,0,0,0.05); margin:0; padding:0; background:#fafafa; background:rgba(255,255,255,0.6); vertical-align:top; -moz-border-radius:0 10px 10px;  -webkit-border-radius:10px;  -webkit-border-top-left-radius:0; -moz-background-clip:padding; -webkit-background-clip:padding;"|
The modern '''[[Taliban]]''' (طالبان; from the [[Farsi]] [[plural]] of [[Arabic]] طالب, meaning "student") movement, or the '''Taliban Islamic Movement of Afghanistan (TIMA)''', took control of [[Afghanistan]] in 1994, imposing a strict [[Salafism|Salafist]] rule, as or more conservative than the [[Wahhabism|Wahhabi]] movement of Saudi Arabia. Both featured a "Department for Promoting Virtue and Preventing Vice." They argued they were creating a stable Islamic state that the leaders of the jihad against the Soviets could not create. <ref name=NI1997-04>{{citation
{|cellspacing=0 style="width:100%; padding:0; margin:0; background:transparent;"
| title = The Spokesperson of the Taliban Government to Nida'ul Islam: "Our Goal is to Restore Peace and Establish a Pure and Clean Islamic State in Afghanistan"
|-
| url = http://www.fas.org/irp/world/para/docs/taliban2.htm
|valign=top style="padding:1em 1em 0.75em;"|
| journal = Nida'ul Islam magazine | date = April - May 1997
<h4 style="margin:0 0 0.75em; padding:0;"> '''Article counts''' </h4>
| author = Ma'soum Afghani}}</ref>  
<p style="line-height:21px; padding-left:20px;">
[[:Category:Citable versions of articles|Citable Articles]] <font size=1>('''{{PAGESINCAT:Citable versions of articles}}''')</font><br />
[[:Category:Developed Articles|Developed Articles]] <font size=1>('''{{PAGESINCAT:Developed Articles}}''')</font><br />
[[:Category:Developing Articles|Developing Articles]] <font size=1>('''{{PAGESINCAT:Developing Articles}}''')</font><br />
[[:Category:Stub Articles|Stubs]] <font size=1>('''{{PAGESINCAT:Stub Articles}}''')</font><br />
<small>([[:Category:CZ Live|{{PAGESINCAT:CZ Live}} total articles]])</small>
</p>
|style="vertical-align:top; overflow:hidden; padding:0 0 1em;"|
{{CZ:Quote}}
<br>


At the present time, the modern Taliban forms a substantial part of the insurgency in the [[Afghanistan War (2001-)]], as well as an active insurgency in [[Pakistan]]. The Taliban historically had a strong presence in the [[Federally Administered Tribal Area]]s near the border between Pakistan and Afghanistan. After continuing fighting in areas along the Afghan border, Pakistan negotiated with Taliban fighters. <ref name=AJN>{{citation
{{-}}
| journal = AlJazeera.net
|-
| title = Talking to the Taliban
|valign=top style="padding:0 1em 0.5em;" colspan=2|
| author = Imran Khan
<h3 style="margin-top:0; padding-top:0.6em; border-top:1px dotted #e0e0e0;">
| date = March 10, 2009
<big>[[CZ:Featured article|Featured Article]]: ''[[{{FeaturedArticleTitle}}]]''</big>
| url = http://english.aljazeera.net/focus/2009/03/200939102529353355.html}}</ref> Fighting continued, and, on May 7, 2009, Prime Minister [[Yousef Raza Gilani]] of Pakistan formally revoked a peace agreement with the Taliban, accusing the Taliban of repeated violations. Taliban forces had fought to within 60 miles of [[Islamabad]], the capital of Pakistan. <ref name=CNN2009-05-07>{{citation
</h3>
| title = Prime minister: Pakistan fights for 'honor and dignity'
{{CZ:Featured article/Current}}
| journal = CNN
|}
| date = May 7, 2009
<div style='text-align: right;'><small>''[[{{FeaturedArticleTitle}}|Continued]]...''</small></div>
| url = http://edition.cnn.com/2009/WORLD/asiapcf/05/07/pakistan.swat.death/index.html}}</ref>
<font size=1>[[Taliban|['''more...''']]]</font>

Revision as of 16:24, 25 June 2022

Help Write Articles about our World

Welcome to Citizendium, a wiki for providing free knowledge where authors use their real names. We write the kinds of encyclopedia-style articles that Wikipedia and other sites can't write. We regard information as a public good and welcome anyone who wants to share their knowledge on virtually any subject. Our online community prides itself on being congenial and supportive.

Our goals have changed. Please read about who we are in 2022.


See Recent Changes—an overview of articles we are writing now.

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Article counts

Citable Articles (145)
Developed Articles (1,149)
Developing Articles (8,231)
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(17,709 total articles)

What does education often do? It makes a straight-cut ditch of a free, meandering brook.
Henry David Thoreau

       —add a quotation about knowledge or writing

Featured Article: Napoleon

Napoleon (Napoleon Bonaparte or, after 1804, Napoleon I, Emperor of the French) was a world historic figure and dictator of France from 1799 to 1814. He was the greatest general of his age--perhaps any age, with a sure command of battlefield tactics and campaign strategies, As a civil leader he played a major role in the French Revolution, then ended it when he became dictator in 1799 and Emperor of France in 1804 He modernized the French military, fiscal, political legal and religious systems. He fought an unending series of wars against Britain with a complex, ever-changing coalition of European nations on both sides. Refusing to compromise after his immense defeat in Russia in 1812, he was overwhelmed by a coalition of enemies and abdicated in 1814. In 1815 he returned from exile, took control of France, built a new army, and in 100 days almost succeeded--but was defeated at Waterloo and exiled to a remote island. His image and memory are central to French national identity, but he is despised by the British and Russians and is a controversial figure in Germany and elsewhere in Europe.

The Trail of Napoleon - J.F. Horrabin - Map.jpg

Rise to Power

Once the Revolution had begun, so many of the aristocratic officers turned against the Revolutionary government, or were exiled or executed, that a vacuum of senior leadership resulted. Promotions came very quickly now, and loyalty to the Revolution was as important as technical skill; Napoleon had both. His demerits were overlooked as he was twice reinstated, promoted, and allowed to collect his back pay. Paris knew him as an intellectual soldier deeply involved in politics. His first test of military genius came at Toulon in 1793, where the British had seized this key port. Napoleon, an acting Lieutenant-Colonel, used his artillery to force the British to abandon the city. He was immediately promoted by the Jacobin radicals under Robespierre to brigadier-general, joining the ranks of several brilliant young generals. He played a major role in defending Paris itself from counter-revolutionaries, and became the operational planner for the Army of Italy and planned two successful attacks in April 1794. He married Josephine (Rose de Beauharnais) in 1796, after falling violently in love with the older aristocratic widow.[1]

Footnotes

  1. Englund pp 63-73, 91-2, 97-8