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=== Draft of the Week <font size=1>[ [[CZ:Article of the Week|about]] ]</font> ===
=== Draft of the Week <font size=1>[ [[CZ:Article of the Week|about]] ]</font> ===
[[Image:Japaneseinternment.jpg|An internment camp in California {{photo|Ansel Adams}}|right|thumb]]
Scientists use a '''[[scientific method]]''' to investigate phenomena and acquire [[knowledge]]. They base the method on verifiable observation &mdash; i.e., on [[empirical]] evidence rather than on pure logic or supposition &mdash; and on the the [[reasoning|principles of reasoning.  Scientists propose explanations &mdash; called 'hypotheses' &mdash; for their observed phenomena, and perform experiments to determine whether the results accord with (support) the hypotheses or falsify them. They also formulate '[[Theory#Science|theories]]' that encompass whole domains of inquiry, and which bind supported hypotheses together into logically coherent wholes. They refer to theories sometimes as ‘models’, which may or may not have a mathematical or computational basisThe technological achievements of the modern world have led many to conclude that the success of science stems from the methodological rules that scientists follow. Not all philosophers and scientists accept that conclusion, and some deny that science has a genuinely methodological process at all.<font size=1>[[Scientific method|['''more...''']]]</font>
'''[[Korematsu v. United States]]''' was one of four [[Supreme Court of the United States|United States Supreme Court]] cases that dealt with the constitutionality of the [[Japanese internment]] during [[World War II]]. In its December 18, 1944 decision to uphold the internment, the Court argued forcefully that military necessity legitimates expansive federal government war powers, including those that curtail the civil liberties of specific racial groups.


The December 7, 1941 attack by [[Japan]] on [[Pearl Harbor]] prompted widespread concern about the security of the United States' West Coast and the possibility of espionage by members of its large Japanese-American population. On February 19, 1942, President [[Franklin D. Roosevelt]] responded by issuing [[Executive Order]] (EO) 9066, which authorized the Secretary of War and his designated commanders to establish "military areas" as they see fit and exclude "any or all persons" from entering or remaining within them. The main result of Roosevelt's order was the relocation of more than 100,000 Americans of [[Japanese]] descent from the West Coast into [[internment camp]]s in the interior of the United States. A month later, [[U.S._Congress|Congress]] passed Public Law 503, which criminalized violations of military orders issued as a result of EO 9066.
=== New Draft of the Week <font size=1>[ [[CZ:New Draft of the Week|about]] ]</font> ===
The '''[[McGuffey Readers]]''', first published in 1836-37, were a set of highly influential [[school]] textbooks for use in the elementary and higher grades in the United States. Indeed, owing to their widespread usage over many years, they played an important role in shaping the American character itself. From the year in which they were first published, and for nearly a century thereafter, successive generations of American schoolchildren used these readers to acquire basic [[literacy]] skills and to imbibe the moral lessons they taught.


Persuant to EO 9066, on May 3, 1942, the U.S. army issued Civilian Exclusion Order Number 34, which instructed all persons of Japanese ancestry living in San Leandro, California to evacuate the area by the end of that week. Fred Korematsu, a California-born American citizen whose parents had emigrated from Japan in 1905, refused to comply with the exclusion order.
[[William Holmes McGuffey]] (1800-73) was the author/compiler of the first four volumes of the first edition of what would eventually become a six-volume set of graded readers. In subsequent years, a series of editors took over the responsibility for the readers, which nevertheless were faithful in retaining their original character as moral shapers of youth.
<font size=1>[[Korematsu v. United States|['''more...''']]]</font>


=== New Draft of the Week <font size=1>[ [[CZ:New Draft of the Week|about]] ]</font> ===
A major revision in 1879 altered the slant of the readers away from the stark [[Calvinism]] which had characterized the earlier versions, but did so without sacrificing the basic [[religion|religious]] and [[morality|moral]] objectives.  
'''[[Vector rotation]]s''' are widely used not only in the sciences, such as [[physics]], [[chemistry]] and [[mathematics]], but are critical for graphics computations in [[computer game]] programs and navigation in space.  A typical example used in computer games would be calculating the graphics for a military tank rolling up a slanted hill, the relative rotation of the tank's turret, and the elevation of the tanks' barrel.  Although a rotation matrix for each point of the tank ''could'' be calculated individually, a more economical method is to calculate a single rotation matrix for the entire tank and apply that solution to every current position of the tank as it rolls up the hill.  Additional rotations are then used for the turret rotation by a second multiplication.


A variety of methods can be used to determine the rotation matrix (in 3D or 4D space) needed to convert vector V<sub>1</sub> into vector V<sub>2</sub>.  Because they provide non-unique results, inverse trigonometry functions should only be used with great caution.  [[Quaternions]], a 4-dimensional approach in 3D space, can also be used, and this method has devoted followers and critics. Although several 3D matrix rotation methods can be used, the method of Hughes (J. Graphics Tools, 2000) is particularly fast, because it avoids time-consuming inverse trigonometry and square root calculations, and avoids computational pitfalls of instability inherent to some of the previous methods. <font size=1>[[Vector rotation|['''more...''']]]</font>  
The readers have sold over 125 million copies, and remain in demand among many who are dissatisfied with modern trends in education and seek a return to a more traditional, "values oriented" education of an earlier era.<font size=1>[[McGuffey Readers|['''more...''']]]</font>  
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Draft of the Week [ about ]

Scientists use a scientific method to investigate phenomena and acquire knowledge. They base the method on verifiable observation — i.e., on empirical evidence rather than on pure logic or supposition — and on the the [[reasoning|principles of reasoning. Scientists propose explanations — called 'hypotheses' — for their observed phenomena, and perform experiments to determine whether the results accord with (support) the hypotheses or falsify them. They also formulate 'theories' that encompass whole domains of inquiry, and which bind supported hypotheses together into logically coherent wholes. They refer to theories sometimes as ‘models’, which may or may not have a mathematical or computational basisThe technological achievements of the modern world have led many to conclude that the success of science stems from the methodological rules that scientists follow. Not all philosophers and scientists accept that conclusion, and some deny that science has a genuinely methodological process at all.[more...]

New Draft of the Week [ about ]

The McGuffey Readers, first published in 1836-37, were a set of highly influential school textbooks for use in the elementary and higher grades in the United States. Indeed, owing to their widespread usage over many years, they played an important role in shaping the American character itself. From the year in which they were first published, and for nearly a century thereafter, successive generations of American schoolchildren used these readers to acquire basic literacy skills and to imbibe the moral lessons they taught.

William Holmes McGuffey (1800-73) was the author/compiler of the first four volumes of the first edition of what would eventually become a six-volume set of graded readers. In subsequent years, a series of editors took over the responsibility for the readers, which nevertheless were faithful in retaining their original character as moral shapers of youth.

A major revision in 1879 altered the slant of the readers away from the stark Calvinism which had characterized the earlier versions, but did so without sacrificing the basic religious and moral objectives.

The readers have sold over 125 million copies, and remain in demand among many who are dissatisfied with modern trends in education and seek a return to a more traditional, "values oriented" education of an earlier era.[more...]