Vaccine: Difference between revisions
imported>Robert Badgett (New page: Vaccines are "suspensions of killed or attenuated microorganisms (bacteria, viruses, fungi, protozoa, or rickettsiae), antigenic proteins derived from them, or synthetic constructs, admini...) |
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Vaccines are "suspensions of killed or attenuated microorganisms (bacteria, viruses, fungi, protozoa, or rickettsiae), antigenic proteins derived from them, or synthetic constructs, administered for the prevention, amelioration, or treatment of infectious and other diseases."<ref name="MeSH-Vaccines">{{cite web |url=http://www.nlm.nih.gov/cgi/mesh/2008/MB_cgi?term=Vaccines |title=Vaccines |accessdate=2008-01-09 |author=Anonymous |authorlink= |coauthors= |date= |format= |work= |publisher=National Library of Medicine |pages= |language= |archiveurl= |archivedate= |quote=}}</ref> | {{subpages}} | ||
'''Vaccines''' are "suspensions of killed or attenuated microorganisms (bacteria, viruses, fungi, protozoa, or rickettsiae), antigenic proteins derived from them, or synthetic constructs, administered for the prevention, amelioration, or treatment of infectious and other diseases."<ref name="MeSH-Vaccines">{{cite web |url=http://www.nlm.nih.gov/cgi/mesh/2008/MB_cgi?term=Vaccines |title=Vaccines |accessdate=2008-01-09 |author=Anonymous |authorlink= |coauthors= |date= |format= |work= |publisher=National Library of Medicine |pages= |language= |archiveurl= |archivedate= |quote=}}</ref> | |||
==Classification== | ==Classification== | ||
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==See also== | ==See also== | ||
* [[Vaccination]] | * [[Vaccination]] | ||
Revision as of 02:34, 13 January 2008
Vaccines are "suspensions of killed or attenuated microorganisms (bacteria, viruses, fungi, protozoa, or rickettsiae), antigenic proteins derived from them, or synthetic constructs, administered for the prevention, amelioration, or treatment of infectious and other diseases."[1]
Classification
Complete microorganisms
Live, attenuated microorganisms
These vaccines are "live vaccines prepared from microorganisms which have undergone physical adaptation (e.g., by radiation or temperature conditioning) or serial passage in laboratory animal hosts or infected tissue/cell cultures, in order to produce avirulent mutant strains capable of inducing protective immunity."[2]
Examples of live attenuated viruses include the herpes zoster and measles vaccines and the bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG) vaccine.
Inactivated microorganisms
These are vaccines "in which the infectious microbial nucleic acid components have been destroyed by chemical or physical treatment (e.g., formalin, beta-propiolactone, gamma radiation) without affecting the antigenicity or immunogenicity of the viral coat or bacterial outer membrane proteins."[3]
An example of inactivated vaccines is the polio vaccine.
Components of microorganisms
Component vaccines include naturally occurring and synthetic materials.[4]
Toxoids
Toxoids are "preparations of pathogenic organisms or their derivatives made nontoxic and intended for active immunologic prophylaxis. They include deactivated toxins."[5]
Synthetic
These vaccines are either peptides or DNA and are defined as "small synthetic peptides that mimic surface antigens of pathogens and are immunogenic, or vaccines manufactured with the aid of recombinant DNA techniques. The latter vaccines may also be whole viruses whose nucleic acids have been modified."[6]
Synthetic vaccines include conjugate vaccines which are "semisynthetic vaccines consisting of polysaccharide antigens from microorganisms attached to protein carrier molecules. The carrier protein is recognized by macrophages and T-cells thus enhancing immunity. Conjugate vaccines induce antibody formation in people not responsive to polysaccharide alone, induce higher levels of antibody, and show a booster response on repeated injection."[7] conjugate vaccines include the Neisseria meningitidis and pneumococcal polysaccharide vaccines.
Synthetic vaccines include DNA vaccines which are "recombinant DNA vectors encoding antigens administered for the prevention or treatment of disease. The host cells take up the DNA, express the antigen, and present it to the immune system in a manner similar to that which would occur during natural infection. This induces humoral and cellular immune responses against the encoded antigens. The vector is called naked DNA because there is no need for complex formulations or delivery agents; the plasmid is injected in saline or other buffers."[8]
References
- ↑ Anonymous. Vaccines. National Library of Medicine. Retrieved on 2008-01-09.
- ↑ Anonymous. Vaccines, Attenuated. National Library of Medicine. Retrieved on 2008-01-09.
- ↑ Anonymous. Vaccines, Inactivated. National Library of Medicine. Retrieved on 2008-01-09.
- ↑ Imboden, John B.; Parslow, Tristram G.; Stites, Daniel P. (2001). Medical immunology. New York: Lange Medical Books/McGraw-Hill Medical Publishing Division. ISBN 0-8385-6300-7.
- ↑ Anonymous. Toxoids. National Library of Medicine. Retrieved on 2008-01-09.
- ↑ Anonymous. Vaccines, Synthetic. National Library of Medicine. Retrieved on 2008-01-09.
- ↑ Anonymous. Vaccines, Conjugate. National Library of Medicine. Retrieved on 2008-01-09.
- ↑ Anonymous. Vaccines, DNA. National Library of Medicine. Retrieved on 2008-01-09.