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'''Protists''': An informal term used by biologists to describe a diverse group of [[Eukarya|eukaryotic]] organisms, not classifiable as animals, plants, or fungi — the three familar kingdoms of the domain, [[Eukarya]], viz., [[Animalia]], [[Plantae]], and [[Fungi]] — formerly classified as a fourth kingdom of Eukarya, viz., [[Protista]], but now, through the study of their [[Cladistics|phylogenetic]] evolutionary | '''Protists''': An convenient informal term of traditional origin used by biologists to describe a diverse group of [[Eukarya|eukaryotic]] organisms, not classifiable as animals, plants, or fungi — the three familar kingdoms of the domain, [[Eukarya]], viz., [[Animalia]], [[Plantae]], and [[Fungi]] — formerly classified as a fourth kingdom of Eukarya, viz., [[Protista]], but now, through the study of their [[Cladistics|phylogenetic]] molecular phylogenetic [evolutionary] relationships, classified into multiple high-level [[Taxon|taxa]], possibly 'kingdoms', 5-7 in number, but possibly more (or less) as the evolutionary relationships remain under study.<ref name=dawson2002>Dawson SC, Pace NR. (2002) [http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.062169599 Novel kingdom-level eukaryotic diversity in anoxic environments]. ''Proc Natl Acad Sci USA.'' 99(12): 8324–8329.</ref> <ref name=adl2005>Sina M.Adl. (2005) [http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1550-7408.2005.00053.x The New Higher Level Classification of Eukaryotes with Emphasis on the Taxonomy of Protists]. ''J. Eukaryot. Microbiol.'' 52(5):399–451. | ||
$ <u>ABSTRACT:</u> This revision of the classification of unicellular eukaryotes updates that of Levine et al. (1980) for the protozoa and expands it to include other protists. Whereas the previous revision was primarily to incorporate the results of ultrastructural studies, this revision incorporates results from both ultrastructural research since 1980 and molecular phylogenetic studies. We propose a scheme that is based on nameless ranked systematics. The vocabulary of the taxonomy is updated, particularly to clarify the naming of groups that have | |||
been repositioned. We recognize six clusters of eukaryotes that may represent the basic groupings similar to traditional ‘‘kingdoms.’’ The multicellular lineages emerged from within monophyletic protist lineages: animals and fungi from Opisthokonta, plants from Archaeplastida, and brown algae from Stramenopiles.</ref> | |||
==Classification of protists== | |||
{|align="right" cellpadding="10" style="background:lightgray; width:40%; border: 1px solid #aaa; margin:20px; font-size: 92%; font-family: Gill Sans MT;" | |||
| Molecular phylogenies group eukaryotes into six clusters: | |||
|- | |||
|(1) the Opisthokonta, grouping the animals, fungi, choanoflagellates, and Mesomycetozoa; | |||
|- | |||
|(2) the Amoebozoa, grouping most traditional amoebae, slime moulds, many testate amoebae, some amoebo-flagellates, and several species without mitochondria; | |||
|- | |||
|(3) the Excavata, grouping oxymonads, parabasalids, diplomonads, jakobids, and several other genera of heterotrophic flagellates, and possibly including the Euglenozoa and Heterolobosea; | |||
|- | |||
|(4) the Rhizaria, grouping the Foraminifera, most of the traditional Radiolaria, and the Cercozoa with filose pseudopodia, such as many amoebo-flagellates and some testate amoebae; | |||
|- | |||
|(5) the Archaeplastida, grouping the Glaucophyta, red algae, green algae, and Plantae; | |||
|- | |||
|(6) the Chromalveolata, grouping the Alveolata (ciliates, dinoflagellates, Apicomplexa), the Stramenopiles (brown algae, diatoms, many zoosporic fungi, and the opalinids amongst others), with the Haptophyta and Cryptophyceae. | |||
|- | |||
| It is argued that chromalveolates are derived from a single symbiosis of a phagotrophic heterotrophic eukaryote with a photosynthetic red alga eukaryote (Keeling 2003). The plastid was secondarily lost in several lineages (Delwiche et al. 2004). Whereas each of these lineages is monophyletic, the grouping of Alveolata and Stramenopiles with Haptophyta and Cryptophyceae may not be monophyletic. It remains contentious whether the Ciliophora had an ancestral Archaeplastida endosymbiont. | |||
|- | |||
|<center>—Sina M. Adl et al., for the Int. Soc. Protistologists<ref name=adl2005>Sina M.Adl. (2005) [http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1550-7408.2005.00053.x The New Higher Level Classification of Eukaryotes with Emphasis on the Taxonomy of Protists]. ''J. Eukaryot. Microbiol.'' 52(5):399–451. | |||
$ <u>ABSTRACT:</u> This revision of the classification of unicellular eukaryotes updates that of Levine et al. (1980) for the protozoa and expands it to include other protists. Whereas the previous revision was primarily to incorporate the results of ultrastructural studies, this revision incorporates results from both ultrastructural research since 1980 and molecular phylogenetic studies. We propose a scheme that is based on nameless ranked systematics. The vocabulary of the taxonomy is updated, particularly to clarify the naming of groups that have | |||
been repositioned. We recognize six clusters of eukaryotes that may represent the basic groupings similar to traditional ‘‘kingdoms.’’ The multicellular lineages emerged from within monophyletic protist lineages: animals and fungi from Opisthokonta, plants from Archaeplastida, and brown algae from Stramenopiles.</ref></center> | |||
|} | |||
{{-}} | |||
==References== | ==References== | ||
<references/> | <references/> | ||
Revision as of 17:12, 29 October 2010
Protists: An convenient informal term of traditional origin used by biologists to describe a diverse group of eukaryotic organisms, not classifiable as animals, plants, or fungi — the three familar kingdoms of the domain, Eukarya, viz., Animalia, Plantae, and Fungi — formerly classified as a fourth kingdom of Eukarya, viz., Protista, but now, through the study of their phylogenetic molecular phylogenetic [evolutionary] relationships, classified into multiple high-level taxa, possibly 'kingdoms', 5-7 in number, but possibly more (or less) as the evolutionary relationships remain under study.[1] [2]
Classification of protists
| Molecular phylogenies group eukaryotes into six clusters: |
| (1) the Opisthokonta, grouping the animals, fungi, choanoflagellates, and Mesomycetozoa; |
| (2) the Amoebozoa, grouping most traditional amoebae, slime moulds, many testate amoebae, some amoebo-flagellates, and several species without mitochondria; |
| (3) the Excavata, grouping oxymonads, parabasalids, diplomonads, jakobids, and several other genera of heterotrophic flagellates, and possibly including the Euglenozoa and Heterolobosea; |
| (4) the Rhizaria, grouping the Foraminifera, most of the traditional Radiolaria, and the Cercozoa with filose pseudopodia, such as many amoebo-flagellates and some testate amoebae; |
| (5) the Archaeplastida, grouping the Glaucophyta, red algae, green algae, and Plantae; |
| (6) the Chromalveolata, grouping the Alveolata (ciliates, dinoflagellates, Apicomplexa), the Stramenopiles (brown algae, diatoms, many zoosporic fungi, and the opalinids amongst others), with the Haptophyta and Cryptophyceae. |
| It is argued that chromalveolates are derived from a single symbiosis of a phagotrophic heterotrophic eukaryote with a photosynthetic red alga eukaryote (Keeling 2003). The plastid was secondarily lost in several lineages (Delwiche et al. 2004). Whereas each of these lineages is monophyletic, the grouping of Alveolata and Stramenopiles with Haptophyta and Cryptophyceae may not be monophyletic. It remains contentious whether the Ciliophora had an ancestral Archaeplastida endosymbiont. |
References
- ↑ Dawson SC, Pace NR. (2002) Novel kingdom-level eukaryotic diversity in anoxic environments. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 99(12): 8324–8329.
- ↑ 2.0 2.1 Sina M.Adl. (2005) The New Higher Level Classification of Eukaryotes with Emphasis on the Taxonomy of Protists. J. Eukaryot. Microbiol. 52(5):399–451. $ ABSTRACT: This revision of the classification of unicellular eukaryotes updates that of Levine et al. (1980) for the protozoa and expands it to include other protists. Whereas the previous revision was primarily to incorporate the results of ultrastructural studies, this revision incorporates results from both ultrastructural research since 1980 and molecular phylogenetic studies. We propose a scheme that is based on nameless ranked systematics. The vocabulary of the taxonomy is updated, particularly to clarify the naming of groups that have been repositioned. We recognize six clusters of eukaryotes that may represent the basic groupings similar to traditional ‘‘kingdoms.’’ The multicellular lineages emerged from within monophyletic protist lineages: animals and fungi from Opisthokonta, plants from Archaeplastida, and brown algae from Stramenopiles.