Napoleon

Napoleon

Military Operations to 1805

==Military Operations 1805-1815 ==Impact on France

Impact on Europe

Broers (1996) distinguished the "inner" and "outer" empire. The "Inner" Empire included France itself and Belgium, the Netherlands, the Rhinelands, most of western Germany, Switzerland, and northern Italy. These areas were integrated into an efficiently administered and largely obedient bloc. Napoleon sought to rally hostile political factions of both right and left to his rule (ralliement), as well as to fuse them into a loyal administrative class (amalgame). In return for their services and obedience, Napoleon offered this new elite social order a coherent legal code and protection of their property.

The "outer" empire, comprised the German Hanseatic territories, former Papal States, Illyrian provinces, and the kingdom of Spain (ruled by brother Joseph Bonaparte). It displayed little enthusiasm for French occupation and resented the imposition of high taxes, enforcement of the Continental blockade against trade with England and America, application of the Concordat wit hthe Pope to protect the catholic Church, and, perhaps most importantly, conscription demands to supply troops for the Grande Armee. In the Outer Empire banditry flourished, elites declined to cooperate with the occupier, and the forces of counterrevolution remained active. Napoleonic rule rested on an insecure alliance of local collaborators and French administrators, both of whom were unpopular with their subjects. Grab (1996) shows heart of the French occupation of Europe was a combination of reform and exploitation designed to extract men and money more efficiently from the subject states.

Bibliography

Biographies

• Robert Asprey. The Rise of Napoleon Bonaparte and The Reign of Napoleon Bonaparte. 2 vol well-written popular biography
• Corelli Barnett, Bonaporte (1978), negative
• Clive Emsley. Napoleon 2003 142 pp, very succinct coverage of life, France and empire; little on warfare
• Vincent Cronin, Napoleon (1971), favorable
• Geoffry Ellis, Napoleon (Longman 1997)
• Steven Englund. Napoleon: A Political Life. (Scribner 2004). 575 pages; the best (and most advanced) biography
• Alan Schom. Napoleon Bonaparte: A Life

France

• Louis Bergeron, France under Napoleon (trans. R.R. Palmer,1981) p. ix
• Martyn Lyons, Napoleon and the Legacy of the Revolution (1994) pp.3
• D.M.G. Sutherland, France 1789-1815 (1985) p.377

Europe

• Michael Broers, Europe under Napoleon 1799-1815 (1996) 291pp, covers everything except the battles
• Geoffrey Ellis, The Napoleonic Empire (Macmillan 1991)
• Grab, Alexander. Napoleon and the Transformation of Europe. (Palgrave Macmillan, 2003), pp. 249, maps; excellent synthesis
• Martyn Lyons, Napoleon and the Legacy of the Revolution (Macmillan 1994)
• Stuart Woolf, Napoleon's Integration of Europe (1991)
• Schroeder, Paul. Elaborate detail; advanced history; very hostile to Napoleon

Military

• Adkin, Mark. The Waterloo Companion: The Complete Guide to History's Most Famous Land Battle (2002) 448pp
• David Chandler. The Campaigns of Napoleon (1973), 1216pp; best military synthesis
• Charles J. Esdaile, The Wars of Napoleon (Longman 1995)
• David Gates, The Napoleonic Wars, 1803-1815 (1997)
• Robert Goetz 1805: Austerlitz; Napoleon and the Destruction of the Third Coalition (2005). 368pp
• Thomas E. Greiss West Point Atlas for the Wars of Napoleon (1986) 70pp; all maps are online at ??
• Gunther Rothenberg. The Napoleonic Wars (2006) 240pp

Historiography

• Pieter Geyl, Napoleon: For and Aquinst (1949)
• John Dunne, "Napoleon: For or against ... and Beyond." History Review. Issue: 27. 1997. pp 17+. online edition
• David. Pinkney (ed.), Napoleon: Historical Enigma (1969)