imported>Meg Taylor |
|
| (20 intermediate revisions by 2 users not shown) |
| Line 1: |
Line 1: |
| {{subpages}} | | {{subpages}} |
| {{TOC|right}} | | {{Image|NWFP FATA.png|right|350px|This map shows the location of FATA (blue) in relation to NWFP (green) and their neighbours. Broadly, the blue and green areas were combined as Khyber Pakhtunkhwa in 2018. Within FATA are its seven semi-autonomous Tribal Agencies.}} |
| A region of Pakistan is the '''Federally Administered Tribal Area (FATA)''', the name making the distinction that it is outside the regular Pakistani provincial system. Under British rule, the area was called the '''Northwest Frontier''', and the part between the FATA and the rest of Pakistan is the '''[[Northwest Frontier Province]]'''.
| | '''Federally Administered Tribal Area''' (FATA) was the name of a semi-autonomous region of Pakistan that existed from 1947 until 2018 when it was incorporated into the new province of [[Khyber Pakhtunkhwa]], the former [[North-West Frontier Province]] (NWFP). The FATA region consisted of seven Tribal Agencies called Bajaur, Khyber, Kurram, Mohmand, Orakzai, North Waziristan, and South Waziristan. The agencies had a unique administrative and political status dating from British colonial rule in 1849 and were officially demarcated from Afghanistan in 1893 by the [[Durand Line]]. Governance was by federal political agents and, locally, by tribal elders. |
| {{Image|NWFP FATA.png|right|350px|The blue portion of this map shows Pakistan's seven semi-autonomous Tribal Agencies.}}
| |
| Along [[Pakistan]]'s border with [[Afghanistan]] Pakistan exercises a measure of authority over '''Pakistan's Tribal Agencies'''.<ref name=NYTimes2002-12-26>
| |
| {{cite news
| |
| | url=http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9E01E6DE103CF935A15751C1A9649C8B63
| |
| | title=PAKISTAN TRIBAL REGION; An Anti-U.S. Haven for Al Qaeda
| |
| | publisher=[[New York Times]]
| |
| | author=David Rodhe
| |
| | date=2002-12-26
| |
| | accessdate=2009-02-11
| |
| }}
| |
| </ref> an unique administrative and political status from the British colonial rule in 1849. They were demarcated, in 1893, from Afghanistan by the [[Durand Line]]. Governance is by federal Political Agents and tribal elders, "while leaving the people with their traditions and internal independence. "<ref name=PK-FATA>{{citation
| |
| | url = http://fata.gov.pk/
| |
| | title = Welcome to FATA
| |
| | publisher = Government of Pakistan}}</ref>
| |
|
| |
|
| Most of the population of the seven Tribal agencies are traditional, conservative muslims.
| | According to the Pakistani government, the FATA was inhabited by about a dozen major tribes with several smaller tribes and sub-tribes. Utmankhel, Mohmand, Tarkani and Safi were the main tribes living in Bajaur and Mohmand. Afridi, Shilmani, Shinwari, Mulagori, and Orakzai were settled in Khyber and Orakzai. A mixture of Turi, Bangash, and Masozai inhabited Kurram. The main tribes of North and South Waziristan were Darwesh Khel Wazirs with a Mahsud community in the central part of the region. Among other FATA tribes were Utmanzai, Ahmadzai Dawar, Saidgai, Kharasin, and Gurbaz.<ref name=PK-FATA-Ethnic>{{citation |url=http://www.fata.gov.pk/subpages/ethnic.php |title=Tribal and ethnic diversity |publisher=Government of Pakistan}}</ref> |
| The agencies are:
| |
| the [[Bajaur Agency]], | |
| the [[Mohmand Agency]],
| |
| the [[Khyber Agency]],
| |
| the [[Orakzai Agency]],
| |
| the [[Kurram Agency]]
| |
| and [[North Waziristan]]
| |
| and [[South Waziristan]]. | |
| ==Ethnicity== | |
|
| |
|
| According to the Pakistani government, the FATA contain about a dozen major tribes with several smaller tribes and sub-tribes. Utmankhel, Mohmand, Tarkani and Safi are the major tribes living in Bajaur and Mohmand. Afridi, Shilmani, Shinwari, Mulagori Orakzai are settled in Khyber and Orakzai while the FRs of Peshawar and Kohat are occupied by Afridi. A good mix of Turi, Bangash, and Masozai inhabit Kurram Agency. Major tribes of North and South Waziristan are Darwesh Khel Wazirs with a pocket of Mahsuds in the central part of the region. Other tribes of the region are Utmanzai, Ahmadzai Dawar, Saidgai, Kharasin and Gurbaz. Bhittani occupies FR Lakki and Tank, while FR Bannu is Wazir. Ustrana and Shirani tribes live in FR D.I. Khan.<ref name=PK-FATA-Ethnic>{{citation
| | It has been claimed that the FATA never had the same priority for economic development as the rest of Pakistan. Efforts were concentrated around sectoral facilities and the lack of economic development contributed to political isolation. Economic development programs, it was said, did not reflect "the FATA's evolving socio-economic landscape and power structure".<ref name=NBR-Econ>{{citation |title=NBR Analysis: Challenges Facing Pakistan’s Federally Administered Tribal Area (FATA) |contribution=Challenges Facing Development in Pakistan’s FATA |author=Ijaz Khan |publisher=National Bureau of Asian Research (NBR) |url=http://nbr.org/publications/analysis/pdf/vol19no3.pdf}}, p. 14</ref> |
| | url = http://www.fata.gov.pk/subpages/ethnic.php
| |
| | title = Tribal and ethnic diversity
| |
| | publisher = Government of Pakistan}}</ref>
| |
| | |
| Some of the tribes are [[Pashtun]] -- the same ethnic group that was the [[Taliban]]'s power base in Afghanistan.<ref name=NYTimes2002-12-26/>
| |
| | |
| ==Economic development==
| |
| The FATA have not had the same priority for economic development as has the rest of Pakistan. Efforts were concentrated around sectoral facilities and benefiting few influential and politically active sections. "This ''ad hoc'' approach deprived large segments of the population from social uplift, and economic empowerment."<ref name=PK-FATA /> Lack of economic development has contributed to political isolation.
| |
| | |
| Ijaz Khan, a professor at the University of Peshawar, finds a fundamental incompatibility in the government position. Unless terrorism is eliminated rather than contained, the latter, in his opinion, the government position, economic development cannot be secured. Second, the programs do not reflect "the FATA’s evolving socio-economic landscape and power structure".<ref name=NBR-Econ>{{citation
| |
| | title = NBR Analysis: Challenges Facing Pakistan’s Federally Administered Tribal Areas (FATA) | |
| | contribution = Challenges Facing Development in Pakistan’s FATA | |
| | author = Ijaz Khan | |
| | publisher = National Bureau of Asian Research (NBR) | |
| | url = http://nbr.org/publications/analysis/pdf/vol19no3.pdf}}, p. 14</ref> | |
| ==Security issues==
| |
| {{seealso|Pakistani Security Forces}}
| |
| [[David Kilcullen]] describes the FATA as the "ancestral home of the [[David Kilcullen#Accidental Guerrilla|Accidental Guerrilla]]".<ref name=Accident>{{citation
| |
| | title = The Accidental Guerrilla: Fighting Small Wars in the Midst of a Big One
| |
| | author = David Kilcullen
| |
| | publisher = Oxford University Press | year = 2009
| |
| | isbn = 9780195368345}}, pp. 233-238</ref> He credits Barrett Rubin with the observation that to think of "Afghanistan and Pakistan as separate countries divided by an international border, or to conceive of Pakistani Taliban in Afghanistan, or Afghans in Pakistan, as foreign fighters is to fundamentally misunderstand the mental geography of the [[Pashtun people|Pashtun nation]]." The countries are divided by the [[Durand Line]], which was shaped by geographic features and British convenience, not the critical tribal and ethnic borders.
| |
| | |
| Among the major actors have been the Taliban faction under [[Mullah Omar]], former Soviet-era groups who trace their origin to the Soviet occupation of Afghanistan (i.e., [[Hezb-e-Islami]] under [[Gulbuddin Hekmatyar]] and the [[Haqqani Network]] founded by [[Jalaluddin Haqqani]]), [[al-Qaeda]], and indigenous Sunni militants. <ref name=Nawaz>{{citation
| |
| | url = http://www.csis.org/media/csis/pubs/081218_nawaz_fata_web.pdf
| |
| | title = FATA — a Most Dangerous Place: Meeting the Challenges of Militancy and Terror in the Federally Administered Tribal Areas of Pakistan
| |
| | author = Shuja Nawaz
| |
| | publisher = Center for Strategic and International Studies}}, p. v
| |
| </ref> The [[Jamiat-ul-Ulama-i-Islam]] (JUI), while at times banned, does participate in national politics.
| |
| | |
| Still, according to Kilcullen, al-Qaeda and its predecessors have had a presence in the area for almost 30 years. The Western concept of al-Qaeda leadership hiding in caves there does not match reality; "If bin Laden is actually in the FATA, this is by choice rather than necessity; he is not hiding but veiled, cocooned in a protected network of local allies and trusted relationships." Al-Qaeda, Taliban, Chechen, Uzbek, Uighur and other fighters have intermarried, formed local alliances, provided charities, and, in many cases, displaced the classical tribal governance and the Pakistani political agents. This, he writes, is "absolutely typical of the infection phase of the accidental guerrilla syndrome," in which a "wound" in governance structures allowed initial entry of extremists. The extremists eventually integrated into the society. FATA tribal fighters, affiliated with the outsiders, now dress distinctively, drive recent vehicles, and have Arab or other foreign "minders". They threaten Pakistani and American assistance teams.
| |
| | |
| [[Baitullah Mehsud]], who probably was killed by a drone strike in August 2009, was associated with a new generation of leadership, more Islamic and less tribal.<ref name=NYT2009-08-07>{{citation
| |
| | date = 7 August 2009
| |
| | title = C.I.A. Missile Strike May Have Killed Pakistan’s Taliban Leader, Officials Say
| |
| | author = Mark Mazzetti and Eric Schmitt
| |
| | journal = [[New York Times]]
| |
| | url = http://www.nytimes.com/2009/08/07/world/asia/07pstan.html?hp=&pagewanted=print}}</ref>
| |
| ===Advantages to Pakistan===
| |
| [[C. Christine Fair]] observed that Pakistan "benefited from FATA being a 'black
| |
| hole' from which it could launch operations into Afghanistan and train
| |
| militants operating in Afghanistan, Kashmir, and the rest of India." The Pakistani government also has banned secular political parties from operating there, but has not stopped religious parties from working from mosques and madrassahs. <ref name=WQ>{{citation
| |
| | author = [[C. Christine Fair]]
| |
| | title = Time for Sober Realism: Renegotiating U.S. Relations with Pakistan
| |
| | publisher = Center for Strategic and International Studies
| |
| | journal = The Washington Quarterly | date = April 2009
| |
| | DOI= 10.1080/01636600902775680
| |
| | url =http://www.twq.com/09april/docs/09apr_Fair.pdf }}, p. 154</ref>
| |
| ===Counterinsurgency===
| |
| There are increasing tensions between outside militants, the main FATA population, and militant residents. The government of Pakistan, however, has not yet adopted a [[counterinsurgency]] method that integrates political, economic and military measures. <ref name=NBR-COIN>{{citation
| |
| | title = NBR Analysis: Challenges Facing Pakistan’s Federally Administered Tribal Areas (FATA)
| |
| | contribution = Challenges Facing a Counter-Militant Campaign in Pakistan’s FATA
| |
| | author = Pervaiz Iqbal Cheema
| |
| | publisher = National Bureau of Asian Research (NBR)
| |
| | url = http://nbr.org/publications/analysis/pdf/vol19no3.pdf}}, p. 22</ref>
| |
| | |
| Dealing with the problem is challenging because it involves tribal, national, religious and transnational issues. The Pakistani government remembers the breakaway, in 1971, of what was then East Pakistan and is now [[Bangladesh]]. There remains a sovereignty issue, between [[India]] and Pakistan, about [[Kashmir]]. Pakistan, therefore, is sensitive to any possible separatist movements, and sees a FATA dominated by outside militants as such a situation.<ref name=Ashraf>{{citation
| |
| | title = Military Operations in FATA: Eliminating Terrorism or Preventing the Balkanization of Pakistan?
| |
| | journal = Terrorism Monitor
| |
| | date = June 18, 2008
| |
| | author = Tariq Mahmud Ashraf
| |
| |volume= 6 | issue=12
| |
| | url = http://www.jamestown.org/programs/gta/single/?tx_ttnews%5Btt_news%5D=4983&tx_ttnews%5BbackPid%5D=167&no_cache=1
| |
| }}</ref>
| |
| ===US operations===
| |
| There is considerable controversy over whether the targeted killing, by missiles fired from drones, is a net benefit.<ref name=NYT2009-05-17>{{citation
| |
| | date = May 17, 2009
| |
| | title = Op-Ed Contributors: Death From Above, Outrage Down Below
| |
| | author = David Kilcullen and [[Andrew Exum]]
| |
| | journal = [[New York Times]]
| |
| | url =http://www.nytimes.com/2009/05/17/opinion/17exum.html?_r=1&pagewanted=print}}</ref> While killing key leaders clearly disrupts, <ref name=AM2009-08-06>{{citation
| |
| | title = Mehsud Dead?
| |
| | date = August 6, 2009 | author = "Abu Muqawama" ([[Andrew Exum]])
| |
| | url = http://www.cnas.org/blogs/abumuqawama/2009/08/mehsud-dead.html#comments}}</ref> it is an open issue if the associated civilian casualties make the attacks a net benefit.
| |
| ===Changing Pakistani operations===
| |
| Counterinsurgency strategists, who think in population-centric rather than enemy-centric terms, are looking at strengthening the Pakistani security forces to operate in a more effective way. This hardly represents a consensus within the Pakistani government, when President [[Asif Ali Zardari]] said, in May 2009, Pakistan needed to develop its capabilities and required more military aid,<ref>{{citation
| |
| | title = War to be extended beyond Swat, says Zardari
| |
| | date = May 18, 2009
| |
| | journal = The News (Pakistan)
| |
| | url - http://www.thenews.com.pk/top_story_detail.asp?Id=22190}}</ref>. Also in May, Pakistani Army Chief Ashfaq Parvez Kiyani said "[E]xcept for very specialized weapons and equipment and [advanced] technology, no generalized foreign training is required," <ref name=>{{citation
| |
| | date = May 17, 2009
| |
| | journal = Daily Times (Pakistan)
| |
| | title = Counter-insurgency training facilities developed: Kayani
| |
| | url = http://www.dailytimes.com.pk/default.asp?page=2009\05\17\story_17-5-2009_pg1_2
| |
| }}</ref> and outside input would be counterproductive.
| |
| | |
| This is a major conflict for U.S. policymakers. [[C. Christine Fair]] of the [[RAND Corporation]] said "Pakistan's army does not want to become a counterinsurgency force." <ref name=CFR2009-06-18>{{citation
| |
| | title = Realigning Pakistan's Security Forces
| |
| | Author = Jayshree Bajoria
| |
| | date = June 18, 2009
| |
| | publisher = [[Council on Foreign Relations]]
| |
| | url = http://www.cfr.org/publication/19660/realigning_pakistans_security_forces.html}}</ref> There have been paramilitary units, the [[Frontier Corps]] and the Rangers, which report to the Interior Ministry, have been of questionable effectiveness.
| |
| | |
| The Army, according to Kilcullen, remains enemy-, not population-focused. Operations of both the Army and Frontier Corps have been of [[battalion]] or larger size, too large for effective patrolling or surprise. They are primarily deployed in static defensive positions, partially because they lack helicopters and mine-protected vehicles. Lacking effective ground mobility, they overuse air and artillery strikes. Regular Army units discount local units, from Frontier Corps down to traditional [[Afghan and Pakistani local forces|Pashtun local units]].<ref>Kilcullen, ''The Accidental Guerrilla'', pp. 241-244</ref>
| |
|
| |
|
| ==References== | | ==References== |
| {{reflist|2}} | | {{reflist|2}} |
| | |
| | [[Category:Reviewed Passed]] |
