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| == '''[[The Clash of Civilizations and the Remaking of World Order]]''' ==
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| ''by [[User:Howard C. Berkowitz|Howard C. Berkowitz]]
| | <small> |
| | | ==Footnotes== |
| ----
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| <noinclude>'''''The Clash of Civilizations and the Remaking of World Order'''''</noinclude><includeonly>'''[[The Clash of Civilizations and the Remaking of World Order]]'''</includeonly> is an influential and controversial book on [[grand strategy]], [[international relations]] and world futures, by the late political scientist [[Samuel Huntington]]. He does not rigorously define an abstraction of a [[civilization]], but uses examples, although in a ''[[Foreign Affairs (magazine)|Foreign Affairs]]'' article he called a civilization "the highest cultural grouping and the broadest level of cultural identity short of that which distinguishes humans from other species."<noinclude><ref name=Huntington-FA>{{citation
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| |title= The Clash of Civilizations?
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| | date = Summer 1993
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| | url = http://uniset.ca/terr/news/fgnaff_huntingtonclash.html
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| | journal = [[Foreign Affairs (magazine)|Foreign Affairs]]
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| | author = [[Samuel Huntington|Samuel P. Huntington]]}}</ref></noinclude>
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| In the book, the chief premise is <blockquote>that culture and cultural identifies, which at the broadest level are civilization identities, are shaping the patterns of cohesion, disintegration and culture in the post-[[Cold War]] world.<noinclude><ref name=Huntington-1996>{{cite book
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| | title = The Clash of Civilizations and the Remaking of World Order
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| | author = [[Samuel Huntington|Samuel P. Huntington]]
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| | publisher= Simon & Schuster
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| | year = 1996
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| | ISBN-10 = 0684811642
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| }},p. 20</ref></blockquote> | |
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| It takes a darker view than some alternative models, such as that of [[Thomas P.M. Barnett]] in ''[[The Pentagon's New Map]]'',<noinclude><ref name=Barnett>{{cite book
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| | author = Barnett, Thomas P.M.
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| | title = The Pentagon's New Map: The Pentagon's New Map: War and Peace in the Twenty-first Century
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| | publisher = Berkley Trade
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| | year = 2005
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| | ISBN-10 = 0425202399
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| }}</ref></noinclude> suggesting that major conflict is likely; "avoidance of a global war of civilization depends on world leaders accepting and cooperating to maintain the multicivilizational character of global politics." He bases this on five corollaries to the central theme: | |
| #Global politics is multipolar and multicivilizational; [[modernization (cultural)|modernization]] is distinct from [[Westernization]]
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| #"The balance of power among civilizations is shifting; the West is declining in relative influence"
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| #"A civilization-based world order is emerging; societies sharing cultural affinities cooperate with each other; efforts to shift societies from one civilization to another are unsuccessful
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| #"The West's universalist pretentions increasingly bring it into conflict with other civilizations, most seriously with Islam and China"
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| #"The survival of the West depends on Americans reaffirming their Western identity and Westerners accepting their civilization as unique not universal"
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| He rejects [[globalization]] as being neither necessary nor desirable.</onlyinclude> He specifically rejects the [[The End of History and the Last Man|"end of history"]] model of his student, [[Francis Fukuyama]]:<blockquote>we may be witnessing..the end of history as such: that is, the end point of mankind's ideological evolution and the universalization of Western liberal democracy as the final form of human government.<ref name=FukuyamaEnd>{{citation
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| | author = [[Francis Fukuyama]]
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| | journal = [[The National Interest]]
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| | title = The End of History
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| | volume = 16
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| | date = Summer 1989
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| | issue = 4 }}, p. 18</ref></blockquote> Note that Fukuyama has sometimes been strongly identified with [[neoconservatism]], which has this ideal of liberal democracy, although his position keeps evolving.
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| ''[[The Clash of Civilizations and the Remaking of World Order|.... (read more)]]''
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| ! style="text-align: center;" | [[The Clash of Civilizations and the Remaking of World Order#References|notes]]
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| {{reflist|2}} | | {{reflist|2}} |
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| | </small> |
Napoleon (Napoleon Bonaparte or, after 1804, Napoleon I, Emperor of the French) was a world historic figure and dictator of France from 1799 to 1814. He was the greatest general of his age--perhaps any age, with a sure command of battlefield tactics and campaign strategies, As a civil leader he played a major role in the French Revolution, then ended it when he became dictator in 1799 and Emperor of France in 1804 He modernized the French military, fiscal, political legal and religious systems. He fought an unending series of wars against Britain with a complex, ever-changing coalition of European nations on both sides. Refusing to compromise after his immense defeat in Russia in 1812, he was overwhelmed by a coalition of enemies and abdicated in 1814. In 1815 he returned from exile, took control of France, built a new army, and in 100 days almost succeeded--but was defeated at Waterloo and exiled to a remote island. His image and memory are central to French national identity, but he is despised by the British and Russians and is a controversial figure in Germany and elsewhere in Europe.
Rise to Power
Once the Revolution had begun, so many of the aristocratic officers turned against the Revolutionary government, or were exiled or executed, that a vacuum of senior leadership resulted. Promotions came very quickly now, and loyalty to the Revolution was as important as technical skill; Napoleon had both. His demerits were overlooked as he was twice reinstated, promoted, and allowed to collect his back pay. Paris knew him as an intellectual soldier deeply involved in politics. His first test of military genius came at Toulon in 1793, where the British had seized this key port. Napoleon, an acting Lieutenant-Colonel, used his artillery to force the British to abandon the city. He was immediately promoted by the Jacobin radicals under Robespierre to brigadier-general, joining the ranks of several brilliant young generals. He played a major role in defending Paris itself from counter-revolutionaries, and became the operational planner for the Army of Italy and planned two successful attacks in April 1794. He married Josephine (Rose de Beauharnais) in 1796, after falling violently in love with the older aristocratic widow.[1]
- ↑ Englund pp 63-73, 91-2, 97-8
