Artur Nebe: Difference between revisions
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'''Artur Nebe''' (1894-1945) was a professional German police officer before the rise of [[Adolf Hitler]], initially a Nazi supporter, but, by 1938, joined anti-Nazi conspiracies. Simultaneously, he headed the [[KRIPO]] criminal police when it went into the [[RSHA]], and eventually commanded [[Einsatzgruppe]] B when it performed field killings in 1941-1942. He was reported, however, to have falsified field reports to reduce the number of killings.<ref name=JVL>{{citation | '''Artur Nebe''' (1894-1945) was a professional German police officer before the rise of [[Adolf Hitler]], initially a Nazi supporter, but, by 1938, joined anti-Nazi conspiracies. Simultaneously, he headed the [[KRIPO]] criminal police when it went into the [[RSHA]], and eventually commanded [[Einsatzgruppe]] B when it performed field killings in 1941-1942. He was reported, however, to have falsified field reports to reduce the number of killings.<ref name=JVL>{{citation | ||
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| publisher = Jewish Virtual Library | | publisher = Jewish Virtual Library | ||
| title = Artur Nebe}}</ref> | | title = Artur Nebe}}</ref> | ||
He was eventually executed in March 1945 for anti-Nazi activities. | |||
==KRIPO== | ==KRIPO== | ||
He had hesitated to follow the KRIPO into the SS RSHA, but was persuaded by [[Hans | Nebe was recognized as the best detective of the Third Reich. When a complex investigative issue arose, such as analyzing the early bomb plot against Hitler, the government motto was ''Wo ist Nebe?'' (Where is Nebe?)<ref name=Balfour>{{citation | ||
| title = Withstanding Hitler in Germany, 1933-45 | |||
| publisher = Psychology Press | |||
| year = 1988 | |||
| url = http://books.google.com/books?id=FiyHJ8MiR1gC&pg=PA164&lpg=PA164&dq=%22Where+is+Nebe%3F%22&source=bl&ots=GUr2U7GN73&sig=FU50DM0PCibZ_jrQOILUzhK-CXg&hl=en&ei=L0DlTLiODcO78ga65qjwDA&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=5&ved=0CC0Q6AEwBA#v=onepage&q=%22Where%20is%20Nebe%3F%22&f=false | |||
| author =Michael Leonard Graham Balfour}}, pp. 163-164</ref> | |||
He had hesitated to follow the KRIPO into the SS RSHA, but was persuaded by [[Hans Bernd Gisevius]] to stay and document the crimes of the SS. | |||
He and Dr. Carl Sack (Judge Advocate-General of the German Army)joined, in 1938, to block the plot to discredit the Chief of the Army, General [[Werner von Fritsch]]. General [[Hans Oster]] recruited him for a planned September 1938 coup, for which he provided logistics and intelligence. | |||
==Einsatzgruppe== | ==Einsatzgruppe== | ||
He commanded Einsatzgruppe B, which was attached to Army Group Centre, under the command of Field Marshal [[Fedor von Bock]], from June to November 1941. It began operations in Warsaw, and moved across Byelorussia toward Smolensk and Minsk, massacring Jews in Grodno, Minsk, Brest-Litovsk, Slonim, Gomel, and Mogilev, among other places. <ref>{{citation | He commanded Einsatzgruppe B, which was attached to Army Group Centre, under the command of Field Marshal [[Fedor von Bock]], from June to November 1941. It began operations in Warsaw, and moved across Byelorussia toward Smolensk and Minsk, massacring Jews in Grodno, Minsk, Brest-Litovsk, Slonim, Gomel, and Mogilev, among other places. <ref>{{citation | ||
| url = http://www.ushmm.org/wlc/en/article.php?ModuleId=10005130 | | url = http://www.ushmm.org/wlc/en/article.php?ModuleId=10005130 | ||
| title = Einsatzgruppen (mobile killing squads) | | title = Einsatzgruppen (mobile killing squads) | ||
| publisher = U.S. Holocaust Memorial Museum}}</ref> | | publisher = U.S. Holocaust Memorial Museum}}</ref> When he received the assignment, he tried instead to go to the International Police Commission, but [[Ludwig Beck]] and [[Hans Oster]] persuaded him to go to the Einsatzgruppen to gather information. While in the area of operations, he worked with [[Henning von Tresckow]] and [[Fabian von Schlabrendorff]] to reduce harm, but he clearly was involved in atrocitie, "being a notorious example of one who did evil to prevent worse."<ref name=Balfour/> | ||
After the Einsatzgruppe assignment, he returned to the KRIPO. | After the Einsatzgruppe assignment, he returned to the KRIPO. | ||
In late 1942, he secretly informed the resistance of details of the [Final Solution]]. | In late 1942, he secretly informed the resistance of details of the [[Final Solution]]. | ||
After [[Erich von Bach-Zelewski]] had witnessed an execution with Himmler, he said to him <blockquote>Look at the eyes of the men in this Kommando, how deeply shaken they are! These men are finished [''fertig''] for the rest of their lives. What kind of followers are training here? Either neurotics or savages!<ref>Raul Hilberg, ''Destruction of the European Jews'', Quadrangle, 1967, p. 646, ''quoted in'' Lifton, p. 159</ref></blockquote> | |||
Also in 1942, recognizing the psychological strain of shooting on the killing squads, he co-developed the gas vans.<ref>{{citation | |||
| title = Gas Wagons: The Holocaust's mobile gas chambers | |||
| | | publisher = Nizkor Project | ||
| | | url = http://www.nizkor.org/hweb/camps/chelmno/sonderdruck.html}}</ref> | ||
| | |||
==Endgame== | ==Endgame== | ||
When the 20th of July assassination attempt on Hitler took place, he was with Berlin | When the 20th of July assassination attempt on Hitler took place, he was with Berlin garrison commander [[Paul von Hase]], planning to assist the Army when the coup command was given. Had he received the order, he would have led a team to kill [[Heinrich Himmler]]. <ref name=Balfour/>It was never sent. He was denounced and went into hiding.<ref name=JVL/> | ||
Eventually, he was caught in February 1945, sentenced, and hanged on 2 March 1945. | Eventually, he was caught in February 1945, sentenced, and hanged on 2 March 1945. | ||
==References== | ==References== | ||
{{reflist|2}} | {{reflist|2}} | ||
[[Category:Police officers]] | |||
Latest revision as of 22:34, 12 August 2022
Artur Nebe (1894-1945) was a professional German police officer before the rise of Adolf Hitler, initially a Nazi supporter, but, by 1938, joined anti-Nazi conspiracies. Simultaneously, he headed the KRIPO criminal police when it went into the RSHA, and eventually commanded Einsatzgruppe B when it performed field killings in 1941-1942. He was reported, however, to have falsified field reports to reduce the number of killings.[1]
He was eventually executed in March 1945 for anti-Nazi activities.
KRIPO
Nebe was recognized as the best detective of the Third Reich. When a complex investigative issue arose, such as analyzing the early bomb plot against Hitler, the government motto was Wo ist Nebe? (Where is Nebe?)[2] He had hesitated to follow the KRIPO into the SS RSHA, but was persuaded by Hans Bernd Gisevius to stay and document the crimes of the SS.
He and Dr. Carl Sack (Judge Advocate-General of the German Army)joined, in 1938, to block the plot to discredit the Chief of the Army, General Werner von Fritsch. General Hans Oster recruited him for a planned September 1938 coup, for which he provided logistics and intelligence.
Einsatzgruppe
He commanded Einsatzgruppe B, which was attached to Army Group Centre, under the command of Field Marshal Fedor von Bock, from June to November 1941. It began operations in Warsaw, and moved across Byelorussia toward Smolensk and Minsk, massacring Jews in Grodno, Minsk, Brest-Litovsk, Slonim, Gomel, and Mogilev, among other places. [3] When he received the assignment, he tried instead to go to the International Police Commission, but Ludwig Beck and Hans Oster persuaded him to go to the Einsatzgruppen to gather information. While in the area of operations, he worked with Henning von Tresckow and Fabian von Schlabrendorff to reduce harm, but he clearly was involved in atrocitie, "being a notorious example of one who did evil to prevent worse."[2]
After the Einsatzgruppe assignment, he returned to the KRIPO.
In late 1942, he secretly informed the resistance of details of the Final Solution.
After Erich von Bach-Zelewski had witnessed an execution with Himmler, he said to him
Look at the eyes of the men in this Kommando, how deeply shaken they are! These men are finished [fertig] for the rest of their lives. What kind of followers are training here? Either neurotics or savages![4]
Also in 1942, recognizing the psychological strain of shooting on the killing squads, he co-developed the gas vans.[5]
Endgame
When the 20th of July assassination attempt on Hitler took place, he was with Berlin garrison commander Paul von Hase, planning to assist the Army when the coup command was given. Had he received the order, he would have led a team to kill Heinrich Himmler. [2]It was never sent. He was denounced and went into hiding.[1]
Eventually, he was caught in February 1945, sentenced, and hanged on 2 March 1945.
References
- ↑ 1.0 1.1 Artur Nebe, Jewish Virtual Library
- ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 Michael Leonard Graham Balfour (1988), Withstanding Hitler in Germany, 1933-45, Psychology Press, pp. 163-164
- ↑ Einsatzgruppen (mobile killing squads), U.S. Holocaust Memorial Museum
- ↑ Raul Hilberg, Destruction of the European Jews, Quadrangle, 1967, p. 646, quoted in Lifton, p. 159
- ↑ Gas Wagons: The Holocaust's mobile gas chambers, Nizkor Project