Citizenship

Citizenship is a relationship between a citizen and a particular social, political, national or international community. Citizenship brings both privileges and responsibilities. The most common sense of the term is national citizenship in which citizens are members of a nation. Citizenship has been supposed to be a "right to have rights", that is, it's a basic right from which allows a person to have a wide range of legal rights. Citizenship has been closely associated with education. Some schools teach citizenship as a course.

Responsibilities of citizenship

Citizenship duties vary by country and generally include:

• paying taxes
• serving on a jury
• voting
• serving in the armed forces when called upon
• obeying laws

Privileges of citizenship

These vary by nation and can include;

• rights to work in a country
• protection by government
• voting
• rights to live in a country
• holding office
• getting government assistance

History of citizenship

In ancient Greece, the main political entity was the city-state, and citizens were active political members of particular city-states. In Athens, citizenship was limited to adult males; slaves, foreigners and women were excluded. The obligations of citizenship were deeply connected to one’s everyday life in the polis. To be truly human, one had to be an active citizen to the community, which Aristotle expressed: “To take no part in the running of the community's affairs is to be either a beast or a god!” Citizenship meant obligations to others and to the community. It was a source of honour and respect. In Athens, citizens were both ruler and ruled, important political and judicial offices were rotated and all citizens had the right to speak and vote in the political assembly. Citizens had a higher status than non-citizens such as women, slaves or barbarians. Women were seen to be irrational and incapable of political participation (although some, most notably Plato, disagreed). Methods used to determine whether someone could be a citizen or not could be based on wealth, taxes paid, political participation, or parentage.

In Roman times, citizenship was a prized relationship which required military participation and offered numerous privileges. It was based on exclusivity; Roman citizens had significantly more privileges than others. It brought status. When Rome changed from a Republic to an Empire, citizenship widened but responsibilities were diluted, so that by the demise of the Western Roman Empire around 400 AD, almost all persons in the empire were citizens. Romans realised that granting citizenship to people from all over the empire legitimized Roman rule over conquered areas.

In the past five hundred years, with the rise of the nation-state, citizenship is most closely identified with being a member of a particular nation. In the United States, citizenship changed from active political participation in the pre-Revolutionary war era to essentially an economic and legal relationship between a person and the state.

In the European Union, the Maastricht Treaty defined citizenship of the European Union to include citizens of all European nations with the Union. For example, citizens of France are also citizens of the European Union. European citizenship guarantees a general right of non-discrimination within the scope of the Treaty and provides a limited right to free movement and residence in EU member states, and provides specific political rights as well. Citizens can move freely within the EU to seek employment.

Today, as globalization and world trade have become more extensive, the term "citizen of the world" has been used in the sense of people having less ties to a particular nation and more of a sense of belonging to the world in general.

Bibliography

• Archibugi, Daniele (2008). The Global Commonwealth of Citizens. Toward Cosmopolitan Democracy. Princeton University Press. ISBN 978-1400829767. 

• Carens, Joseph (2000). Culture, Citizenship, and Community: A Contextual Exploration of Justice as Evenhandedness. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0198297680. 

• Heater, Derek (2004). A Brief History of Citizenship. NYU Press. ISBN 978-0814736722. 
• Kymlicka, Will (1995). Multicultural Citizenship: A Liberal Theory of Minority Rights. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0198290919. 
• Maas, Willem (2007). Creating European Citizens. Rowman & Littlefield. ISBN 978-0742554863. 
• Marshall, T.H. (1950). Citizenship and Social Class and Other Essays. Cambridge University Press. 
• Shue, Henry (1950). Basic Rights. 
• Smith, Rogers (2003). Stories of Peoplehood: The Politics and Morals of Political Membership. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0521520034. 
• Somers, Margaret (2008). Genealogies of Citizenship: Markets, Statelessness, and the Right to Have Rights. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-79394-0. 
• Soysal, Yasemin (1994). Limits of Citizenship. Migrants and Postnational Membership in Europe. University of Chicago Press. 
• Turner, Bryan S. (1994). Citizenship and Social Theory. Sage. ISBN 978-0803986114. 

External links

• Citizenship Laws of the World (pdf). United States Office of Personnel Management Investigations Service (March 2001). Archived from the original on 2006-04-04. Retrieved on 2007-03-07. “This LONG pdf file has a separate page about citizenship for EACH COUNTRY of the world -- takes 2 minutes to download”