Immigrant Song: Difference between revisions

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{{Infobox Single
{{Infobox Single
|name        = Immigrant Song
|name        = Immigrant Song
|image      = Image:Issingle1970.jpg]]
|image      = Image:Issingle1970.jpg
|caption    = 1970 Dutch single
|caption    = 1970 Dutch single
|album      = ''Led Zeppelin III]]''
|album      = ''Led Zeppelin III''
|published  = Superhype Music
|published  = Superhype Music
|registration = ASCAP 390244458
|registration = ASCAP 390244458
Line 12: Line 12:
|language    = English
|language    = English
|length      = 2 minutes 21 seconds
|length      = 2 minutes 21 seconds
|composer    = Jimmy Page]] and Robert Plant]]
|composer    = Jimmy Page and Robert Plant
|label      = Atlantic Records]]
|label      = Atlantic Records
|producer    = Jimmy Page
|producer    = Jimmy Page
|engineer    = Andy Johns
|engineer    = Andy Johns
}}
}}
{{TOC|right}}
{{TOC|right}}
''''Immigrant Song'''' is the opening track on England|English]] rock music|rock]] band  Led Zeppelin]]'s third album]], ''Led Zeppelin III]]'', written and recorded in 1970 and released as a single.
''''Immigrant Song'''' is the opening track on England|English rock music|rock band  Led Zeppelin's third album, ''Led Zeppelin III'', written and recorded in 1970 and released as a single.


==Overview==
==Overview==
The song is memorable for its distinguishing, plaintive cry from singer Robert Plant]] at the commencement of the song, and is built around a recurring, staccato]] Jimmy Page]], John Paul Jones (musician)|John Paul Jones]], and John Bonham]] riff. The hiss at the beginning of the track is feedback building up from a recording tape echo unit.<ref>{{cite book|last=Lewis|first=Dave|year=2012|title=Led Zeppelin: From a Whisper to a Scream|location=London|publisher=Omnibus Press|pages=41|isbn=978-1-78038-547-1}}</ref>
The song is memorable for its distinguishing, plaintive cry from singer Robert Plant at the commencement of the song, and is built around a recurring, staccato Jimmy Page, John Paul Jones (musician)|John Paul Jones, and John Bonham riff. The hiss at the beginning of the track is feedback building up from a recording tape echo unit.<ref>{{cite book|last=Lewis|first=Dave|year=2012|title=Led Zeppelin: From a Whisper to a Scream|location=London|publisher=Omnibus Press|pages=41|isbn=978-1-78038-547-1}}</ref>


The 'Immigrant Song' was composed during Led Zeppelin's Led Zeppelin Tour of Iceland, Bath and Germany, Summer 1970|tour of Iceland, Bath and Germany]] June-July 1970. The opening date of this tour took place in Reykjavik]], Iceland]] on 22 June, which inspired Plant to write the song. As he elucidated:
The 'Immigrant Song' was composed during Led Zeppelin's Led Zeppelin Tour of Iceland, Bath and Germany, Summer 1970|tour of Iceland, Bath and Germany June-July 1970. The opening date of this tour took place in Reykjavik, Iceland on 22 June, which inspired Plant to write the song. As he elucidated:


{{cquote|We weren't being pompous ... We did come from the land of the ice and snow. We were guests of the Icelandic Government on a cultural mission. We were invited to play a concert in Reykjavik and the day before we arrived all the civil servants went on strike and the gig was going to be cancelled. The university prepared a concert hall for us and it was phenomenal. The response from the kids was remarkable and we had a great time. 'Immigrant Song' was about that trip and it was the opening track on the album that was intended to be incredibly different.<ref>{{cite book|last=Welch|first=Chris|year=1996|chapter=Stairway to Heaven|title=Led Zeppelin|location=London|publisher=Carlton Books|pages=55|isbn=978-1-85868-271-6}}</ref>}}
{{cquote|We weren't being pompous ... We did come from the land of the ice and snow. We were guests of the Icelandic Government on a cultural mission. We were invited to play a concert in Reykjavik and the day before we arrived all the civil servants went on strike and the gig was going to be cancelled. The university prepared a concert hall for us and it was phenomenal. The response from the kids was remarkable and we had a great time. 'Immigrant Song' was about that trip and it was the opening track on the album that was intended to be incredibly different.<ref>{{cite book|last=Welch|first=Chris|year=1996|chapter=Stairway to Heaven|title=Led Zeppelin|location=London|publisher=Carlton Books|pages=55|isbn=978-1-85868-271-6}}</ref>}}


Just six days after Led Zeppelin's appearance in Reykjavik, the band publicly debuted the song for the first time during sunset at the Bath Festival]], as the set opener.<ref>{{cite book|author=Lewis, Dave and Pallett, Simon|title=Led Zeppelin: The Concert File]]|edition=Revised|location=London|publisher=Omnibus Press|year=2005|pages=111|isbn=978-1-84449-659-4}}</ref>  
Just six days after Led Zeppelin's appearance in Reykjavik, the band publicly debuted the song for the first time during sunset at the Bath Festival, as the set opener.<ref>{{cite book|author=Lewis, Dave and Pallett, Simon|title=Led Zeppelin: The Concert File|edition=Revised|location=London|publisher=Omnibus Press|year=2005|pages=111|isbn=978-1-84449-659-4}}</ref>  


The lyrics envision the Sagas of Icelanders]], and is sung from the perspective of Vikings]] sailing west from Scandinavia]] in search of new lands and opportunities. The lyrics make reference to battles and the Old Norse religion (''Fight the horde, sing and cry, Valhalla]], I am coming!''), but return to the ideal of peace ultimately winning in the end (''For peace and trust can win the day''). In a 1970 radio interview, Plant jokingly quipped:
The lyrics envision the Sagas of Icelanders, and is sung from the perspective of Vikings sailing west from Scandinavia in search of new lands and opportunities. The lyrics make reference to battles and the Old Norse religion (''Fight the horde, sing and cry, Valhalla, I am coming!''), but return to the ideal of peace ultimately winning in the end (''For peace and trust can win the day''). In a 1970 radio interview, Plant jokingly quipped:


{{cquote|We went to Iceland, and it made you think of Vikings and big ships... and John Bonham's stomach... and bang, there it was - Immigrant Song!<ref>{{cite book|last=Lewis|first=Dave|year=2012|title=Led Zeppelin: From a Whisper to a Scream|location=London|publisher=Omnibus Press|pages=41|isbn=978-1-78038-547-1}}</ref>}}
{{cquote|We went to Iceland, and it made you think of Vikings and big ships... and John Bonham's stomach... and bang, there it was - Immigrant Song!<ref>{{cite book|last=Lewis|first=Dave|year=2012|title=Led Zeppelin: From a Whisper to a Scream|location=London|publisher=Omnibus Press|pages=41|isbn=978-1-78038-547-1}}</ref>}}


The 'Immigrant Song' is one of Led Zeppelin's few Single (music)|single]] releases, having been issued in November of 1970 by their record label, Atlantic Records]], against the band's wishes. It reached Number 16 on the Billboard charts]].<ref>{{cite journal|author=Billboard|title=Billboard Hot 100 Singles|year=1971|month=January|journal=Billboard|volume=83|issue=5|pages=64|issn=0006-2510|accessdate=2009-06-05}}</ref> Its B-side]], 'Hey Hey What Can I Do]]', was unavailable on any album before the release of the band's ''Led Zeppelin (box set)|Led Zeppelin]]'' compilation box set in 1990. The 'Immigrant Song' single was also released in Japan]] with 'Out on the Tiles]]' mistakenly as the B-side rather than 'Hey Hey What Can I Do'. This single is now a rare collectible item.
The 'Immigrant Song' is one of Led Zeppelin's few Single (music)|single releases, having been issued in November of 1970 by their record label, Atlantic Records, against the band's wishes. It reached Number 16 on the Billboard charts.<ref>{{cite journal|author=Billboard|title=Billboard Hot 100 Singles|year=1971|month=January|journal=Billboard|volume=83|issue=5|pages=64|issn=0006-2510|accessdate=2009-06-05}}</ref> Its B-side, 'Hey Hey What Can I Do', was unavailable on any album before the release of the band's ''Led Zeppelin (box set)|Led Zeppelin'' compilation box set in 1990. The 'Immigrant Song' single was also released in Japan with 'Out on the Tiles' mistakenly as the B-side rather than 'Hey Hey What Can I Do'. This single is now a rare collectible item.


One of the verses from the song became part of Led Zeppelin lore. The line, 'The hammer of the gods/will drive our ships to new lands' prompted some fans to start referring to Led Zeppelin's oeuvre as the 'Hammer of the Gods'.<ref>{{cite book|last=Williamson|first=Nigel|year=2014|chapter=The Music: 50 Great Led Zeppelin Tracks|title=The Dead Straight Guide to Led Zeppelin|location=London|publisher=Red Planet Publishing|pages=218|isbn=978-1-9059-5952-5}}</ref>
One of the verses from the song became part of Led Zeppelin lore. The line, 'The hammer of the gods/will drive our ships to new lands' prompted some fans to start referring to Led Zeppelin's oeuvre as the 'Hammer of the Gods'.<ref>{{cite book|last=Williamson|first=Nigel|year=2014|chapter=The Music: 50 Great Led Zeppelin Tracks|title=The Dead Straight Guide to Led Zeppelin|location=London|publisher=Red Planet Publishing|pages=218|isbn=978-1-9059-5952-5}}</ref>


==Live performances==
==Live performances==
The 'Immigrant Song' was used as the set opener Led Zeppelin concerts]] from 1970 to 1972. On the second half of their Led Zeppelin North American Tour 1972|1972 concert tour of the United States]], it was introduced by a prelude known as 'LA Drone]]', designed to heighten the sense of anticipation and expectation amongst the concert audience. By 1973, 'Immigrant Song' was occasionally being used as an Encore (concert)|encore]], but was then dropped from their live set.<ref>{{cite book|last=Lewis|first=Dave|year=2012|title=Led Zeppelin: From a Whisper to a Scream|location=London|publisher=Omnibus Press|pages=41|isbn=978-1-78038-547-1}}</ref> Live performances of the song can be heard on the Led Zeppelin albums ''How the West Was Won (album)|How the West Was Won]]'' (featuring a performance at Long Beach Arena]] in 1972) and the ''BBC Sessions (Led Zeppelin album)‎|BBC Sessions]]'' (a version from the Paris Theatre]] in London]] in 1971). When played live, Page played an extended guitar solo]], which was absent on the recorded ''Led Zeppelin III'' original.<ref>{{cite book|last=Lewis|first=Dave|year=2012|title=Led Zeppelin: From a Whisper to a Scream|location=London|publisher=Omnibus Press|pages=41|isbn=978-1-78038-547-1}}</ref> The 'Immigrant Song' was performed as part of the 2009 Rock and Roll Hall of Fame induction ceremony for Jeff Beck, by both Page (on electric 12 string guitar) and Beck (on lead guitar imitating Plants vocals).<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.billboard.com/bbcom/news/jimmy-page-honors-jeff-beck-at-rock-hall-1003959007.story|title=Jimmy Page Honors Jeff Beck at Rock Hall of Fame|publisher=Billboard|accessdate=2009-04-20}}</ref>
The 'Immigrant Song' was used as the set opener Led Zeppelin concerts from 1970 to 1972. On the second half of their Led Zeppelin North American Tour 1972|1972 concert tour of the United States, it was introduced by a prelude known as 'LA Drone', designed to heighten the sense of anticipation and expectation amongst the concert audience. By 1973, 'Immigrant Song' was occasionally being used as an Encore (concert)|encore, but was then dropped from their live set.<ref>{{cite book|last=Lewis|first=Dave|year=2012|title=Led Zeppelin: From a Whisper to a Scream|location=London|publisher=Omnibus Press|pages=41|isbn=978-1-78038-547-1}}</ref> Live performances of the song can be heard on the Led Zeppelin albums ''How the West Was Won (album)|How the West Was Won'' (featuring a performance at Long Beach Arena in 1972) and the ''BBC Sessions (Led Zeppelin album)‎|BBC Sessions'' (a version from the Paris Theatre in London in 1971). When played live, Page played an extended guitar solo, which was absent on the recorded ''Led Zeppelin III'' original.<ref>{{cite book|last=Lewis|first=Dave|year=2012|title=Led Zeppelin: From a Whisper to a Scream|location=London|publisher=Omnibus Press|pages=41|isbn=978-1-78038-547-1}}</ref> The 'Immigrant Song' was performed as part of the 2009 Rock and Roll Hall of Fame induction ceremony for Jeff Beck, by both Page (on electric 12 string guitar) and Beck (on lead guitar imitating Plants vocals).<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.billboard.com/bbcom/news/jimmy-page-honors-jeff-beck-at-rock-hall-1003959007.story|title=Jimmy Page Honors Jeff Beck at Rock Hall of Fame|publisher=Billboard|accessdate=2009-04-20}}</ref>


==In popular culture==
==In popular culture==
The song is also one of the few Led Zeppelin songs to have been licensed for cinematic release. For the 2003 film ''School of Rock]]'', during the roadie van scene.<ref>{{cite web|title=''School of Rock'' (2003)|url=http://www.tcm.com/tcmdb/title/450121/School-Of-Rock/music.html|work=Turner Classic Movies|publisher=Turner Entertainment|accessdate=18 October 2013}}</ref> To get permission to use this song in the motion picture, the star of the film, Jack Black]], videotaped himself singing in front of 1000 extras, begging for Led Zeppelin to let them use the song in the motion picture.<ref>{{cite news|last=Snider|first=Mike|title='Rock': Paint it Black|date=2004-03-02|publisher=USA Today|url=http://www.usatoday.com/life/movies/news/2004-03-02-jack-black-music_x.htm|work=Movies|accessdate=2009-04-20|language=English}}</ref> The song also appears, in a slightly changed version due to licensing reasons, in ''Shrek the Third'', when Snow White attacks the city gates, guarded by Huorns. She wails the characteristic cry of Robert Plant, backed by the riff]], as in the beginning of the original song..<ref>{{cite web|title=''Shrek the Third'' (2007)|url=http://www.tcm.com/tcmdb/title/636606/Shrek-the-Third/music.html|work=Turner Classic Movies|publisher=Turner Entertainment|accessdate=18 October 2013}}</ref>
The song is also one of the few Led Zeppelin songs to have been licensed for cinematic release. For the 2003 film ''School of Rock'', during the roadie van scene.<ref>{{cite web|title=''School of Rock'' (2003)|url=http://www.tcm.com/tcmdb/title/450121/School-Of-Rock/music.html|work=Turner Classic Movies|publisher=Turner Entertainment|accessdate=18 October 2013}}</ref> To get permission to use this song in the motion picture, the star of the film, Jack Black, videotaped himself singing in front of 1000 extras, begging for Led Zeppelin to let them use the song in the motion picture.<ref>{{cite news|last=Snider|first=Mike|title='Rock': Paint it Black|date=2004-03-02|publisher=USA Today|url=http://www.usatoday.com/life/movies/news/2004-03-02-jack-black-music_x.htm|work=Movies|accessdate=2009-04-20|language=English}}</ref> The song also appears, in a slightly changed version due to licensing reasons, in ''Shrek the Third'', when Snow White attacks the city gates, guarded by Huorns. She wails the characteristic cry of Robert Plant, backed by the riff, as in the beginning of the original song..<ref>{{cite web|title=''Shrek the Third'' (2007)|url=http://www.tcm.com/tcmdb/title/636606/Shrek-the-Third/music.html|work=Turner Classic Movies|publisher=Turner Entertainment|accessdate=18 October 2013}}</ref>


It has also appeared on the 1999 documentary about the Munich massacre|1972 Munich Olympic Games massacre]], ''One Day in September]]'',<ref>{{cite web|title=''One Day in September'' (2000)|url=http://www.tcm.com/tcmdb/title/443690/One-Day-in-September/music.html|work=Turner Classic Movies|publisher=Turner Entertainment|accessdate=18 October 2013}}</ref> and the trailers for the BBC1]] drama series ''Life on Mars (TV series)|Life on Mars]]''. 'Immigrant Song' also plays over the credits of the French TV show ''50 Minutes Ins'', and the Max Weinberg 7 performs this song regularly during ''Late Night With Conan O'Brien'' television show. The song is performed by marching bands]] at high school and college football]] games. Starting from the 2007 NFL Season|2007 season]], the Minnesota Vikings]] play this song during their team introductions and before kickoffs. During the 2007-2008 Association Football|football]] season, Brentford FC]] played this song immediately preceding kick-off. Bruiser Brody]] aka Frank Goodish-professional wrestling used this song as part of his entrance music, without lyrics.
It has also appeared on the 1999 documentary about the Munich massacre|1972 Munich Olympic Games massacre, ''One Day in September'',<ref>{{cite web|title=''One Day in September'' (2000)|url=http://www.tcm.com/tcmdb/title/443690/One-Day-in-September/music.html|work=Turner Classic Movies|publisher=Turner Entertainment|accessdate=18 October 2013}}</ref> and the trailers for the BBC1 drama series ''Life on Mars (TV series)|Life on Mars''. 'Immigrant Song' also plays over the credits of the French TV show ''50 Minutes Ins'', and the Max Weinberg 7 performs this song regularly during ''Late Night With Conan O'Brien'' television show. The song is performed by marching bands at high school and college football games. Starting from the 2007 NFL Season|2007 season, the Minnesota Vikings play this song during their team introductions and before kickoffs. During the 2007-2008 Association Football|football season, Brentford FC played this song immediately preceding kick-off. Bruiser Brody aka Frank Goodish-professional wrestling used this song as part of his entrance music, without lyrics.


== Chart positions ==
== Chart positions ==
Line 117: Line 117:
|}
|}


<small>Note: The official UK Singles Chart]] incorporated legal downloads as of 17 April 2005.</small><br>
<small>Note: The official UK Singles Chart incorporated legal downloads as of 17 April 2005.</small><br>


==Credits==
==Credits==
Line 130: Line 130:
**John Bonham - drums, percussion
**John Bonham - drums, percussion
*Production:
*Production:
**Peter Grant]] – executive producer
**Peter Grant – executive producer
**Andy Johns - engineer, mixing
**Andy Johns - engineer, mixing
**Joe Sidore - original CD mastering engineer (mid-1980s)  
**Joe Sidore - original CD mastering engineer (mid-1980s)  

Revision as of 02:43, 2 April 2024

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Immigrant Song
Image:Issingle1970.jpg
1970 Dutch single
Appears on Led Zeppelin III
Published by Superhype Music
Registration ASCAP 390244458
Release date 5 November 1970
Recorded May 1970 at
Headley Grange, Hampshire.
Mixed at Ardent Studios, Memphis.
Genre Hard rock
Language English
Length 2 minutes 21 seconds
Composer Jimmy Page and Robert Plant
Label Atlantic Records
Producer Jimmy Page
Engineer Andy Johns

'Immigrant Song' is the opening track on England|English rock music|rock band Led Zeppelin's third album, Led Zeppelin III, written and recorded in 1970 and released as a single.

Overview

The song is memorable for its distinguishing, plaintive cry from singer Robert Plant at the commencement of the song, and is built around a recurring, staccato Jimmy Page, John Paul Jones (musician)|John Paul Jones, and John Bonham riff. The hiss at the beginning of the track is feedback building up from a recording tape echo unit.[1]

The 'Immigrant Song' was composed during Led Zeppelin's Led Zeppelin Tour of Iceland, Bath and Germany, Summer 1970|tour of Iceland, Bath and Germany June-July 1970. The opening date of this tour took place in Reykjavik, Iceland on 22 June, which inspired Plant to write the song. As he elucidated:

“ We weren't being pompous ... We did come from the land of the ice and snow. We were guests of the Icelandic Government on a cultural mission. We were invited to play a concert in Reykjavik and the day before we arrived all the civil servants went on strike and the gig was going to be cancelled. The university prepared a concert hall for us and it was phenomenal. The response from the kids was remarkable and we had a great time. 'Immigrant Song' was about that trip and it was the opening track on the album that was intended to be incredibly different.[2] ”

Just six days after Led Zeppelin's appearance in Reykjavik, the band publicly debuted the song for the first time during sunset at the Bath Festival, as the set opener.[3]

The lyrics envision the Sagas of Icelanders, and is sung from the perspective of Vikings sailing west from Scandinavia in search of new lands and opportunities. The lyrics make reference to battles and the Old Norse religion (Fight the horde, sing and cry, Valhalla, I am coming!), but return to the ideal of peace ultimately winning in the end (For peace and trust can win the day). In a 1970 radio interview, Plant jokingly quipped:

“ We went to Iceland, and it made you think of Vikings and big ships... and John Bonham's stomach... and bang, there it was - Immigrant Song![4] ”

The 'Immigrant Song' is one of Led Zeppelin's few Single (music)|single releases, having been issued in November of 1970 by their record label, Atlantic Records, against the band's wishes. It reached Number 16 on the Billboard charts.[5] Its B-side, 'Hey Hey What Can I Do', was unavailable on any album before the release of the band's Led Zeppelin (box set)|Led Zeppelin compilation box set in 1990. The 'Immigrant Song' single was also released in Japan with 'Out on the Tiles' mistakenly as the B-side rather than 'Hey Hey What Can I Do'. This single is now a rare collectible item.

One of the verses from the song became part of Led Zeppelin lore. The line, 'The hammer of the gods/will drive our ships to new lands' prompted some fans to start referring to Led Zeppelin's oeuvre as the 'Hammer of the Gods'.[6]

Live performances

The 'Immigrant Song' was used as the set opener Led Zeppelin concerts from 1970 to 1972. On the second half of their Led Zeppelin North American Tour 1972|1972 concert tour of the United States, it was introduced by a prelude known as 'LA Drone', designed to heighten the sense of anticipation and expectation amongst the concert audience. By 1973, 'Immigrant Song' was occasionally being used as an Encore (concert)|encore, but was then dropped from their live set.[7] Live performances of the song can be heard on the Led Zeppelin albums How the West Was Won (album)|How the West Was Won (featuring a performance at Long Beach Arena in 1972) and the BBC Sessions (Led Zeppelin album)‎|BBC Sessions (a version from the Paris Theatre in London in 1971). When played live, Page played an extended guitar solo, which was absent on the recorded Led Zeppelin III original.[8] The 'Immigrant Song' was performed as part of the 2009 Rock and Roll Hall of Fame induction ceremony for Jeff Beck, by both Page (on electric 12 string guitar) and Beck (on lead guitar imitating Plants vocals).[9]

In popular culture

The song is also one of the few Led Zeppelin songs to have been licensed for cinematic release. For the 2003 film School of Rock, during the roadie van scene.[10] To get permission to use this song in the motion picture, the star of the film, Jack Black, videotaped himself singing in front of 1000 extras, begging for Led Zeppelin to let them use the song in the motion picture.[11] The song also appears, in a slightly changed version due to licensing reasons, in Shrek the Third, when Snow White attacks the city gates, guarded by Huorns. She wails the characteristic cry of Robert Plant, backed by the riff, as in the beginning of the original song..[12]

It has also appeared on the 1999 documentary about the Munich massacre|1972 Munich Olympic Games massacre, One Day in September,[13] and the trailers for the BBC1 drama series Life on Mars (TV series)|Life on Mars. 'Immigrant Song' also plays over the credits of the French TV show 50 Minutes Ins, and the Max Weinberg 7 performs this song regularly during Late Night With Conan O'Brien television show. The song is performed by marching bands at high school and college football games. Starting from the 2007 NFL Season|2007 season, the Minnesota Vikings play this song during their team introductions and before kickoffs. During the 2007-2008 Association Football|football season, Brentford FC played this song immediately preceding kick-off. Bruiser Brody aka Frank Goodish-professional wrestling used this song as part of his entrance music, without lyrics.

Chart positions

Single

Chart (1971) Peak position
US Cash Box Top 100 Singles Chart[14] 8
Italian Top 25 Singles Chart[15] 21
US Record World 100 Top Pops[16] 10
Canadian CHUM Chart[17] 2
Canadian RPM Top 100 Chart[18] 4
US Billboard Hot 100 Singles Chart[19] 16
Dutch Singles Chart[20] 9
South African Top 20 Singles Chart[21] 7
Australian Go-Set Top 60 Singles Chart[22] 16
Japanese Top 20 Singles Chart[23] 10
German Top 100 Singles Chart[24] 6
Swiss Singles Chart[25] 4
Malaysian Top 10 Singles Chart[26] 4
Austrian Singles Chart[27] 13
New Zealand Top 50 Singles Chart[28] 4
Spanish Singles Chart[29] 11

Single (Digital download)

Chart (2007) Peak position
UK Singles Chart[30] 109
US Billboard Hot Digital Songs Chart[31] 71
Canadian Billboard Hot Digital Singles Chart[32] 54

Note: The official UK Singles Chart incorporated legal downloads as of 17 April 2005.

Credits

Personnel
  • Musicians:
    • Jimmy Page – electric guitar, producer, remastering, digital remastering
    • Robert Plant – vocals
    • John Paul Jones – bass pedals
    • John Bonham - drums, percussion
  • Production:
    • Peter Grant – executive producer
    • Andy Johns - engineer, mixing
    • Joe Sidore - original CD mastering engineer (mid-1980s)
    • George Marino - remastered CD engineer (1990)

References

  1. ↑ Lewis, Dave (2012). Led Zeppelin: From a Whisper to a Scream. London: Omnibus Press, 41. ISBN 978-1-78038-547-1. 
  2. ↑ Welch, Chris (1996). “Stairway to Heaven”, Led Zeppelin. London: Carlton Books, 55. ISBN 978-1-85868-271-6. 
  3. ↑ Lewis, Dave and Pallett, Simon (2005). Led Zeppelin: The Concert File, Revised. London: Omnibus Press, 111. ISBN 978-1-84449-659-4. 
  4. ↑ Lewis, Dave (2012). Led Zeppelin: From a Whisper to a Scream. London: Omnibus Press, 41. ISBN 978-1-78038-547-1. 
  5. ↑ Billboard (January 1971). "Billboard Hot 100 Singles". Billboard 83 (5): 64. ISSN 0006-2510. Retrieved on 2009-06-05.
  6. ↑ Williamson, Nigel (2014). “The Music: 50 Great Led Zeppelin Tracks”, The Dead Straight Guide to Led Zeppelin. London: Red Planet Publishing, 218. ISBN 978-1-9059-5952-5. 
  7. ↑ Lewis, Dave (2012). Led Zeppelin: From a Whisper to a Scream. London: Omnibus Press, 41. ISBN 978-1-78038-547-1. 
  8. ↑ Lewis, Dave (2012). Led Zeppelin: From a Whisper to a Scream. London: Omnibus Press, 41. ISBN 978-1-78038-547-1. 
  9. ↑ Jimmy Page Honors Jeff Beck at Rock Hall of Fame. Billboard. Retrieved on 2009-04-20.
  10. ↑ School of Rock (2003). Turner Classic Movies. Turner Entertainment. Retrieved on 18 October 2013.
  11. ↑ Snider, Mike. 'Rock': Paint it Black, Movies, USA Today, 2004-03-02. Retrieved on 2009-04-20. (in English)
  12. ↑ Shrek the Third (2007). Turner Classic Movies. Turner Entertainment. Retrieved on 18 October 2013.
  13. ↑ One Day in September (2000). Turner Classic Movies. Turner Entertainment. Retrieved on 18 October 2013.
  14. ↑ Top 100 Singles - 9 January 1971. Cash Box. Retrieved on 2009-01-19.
  15. ↑ Discografica Internationale (January 1971). "Hits of the World". Billboard 83 (2): 81. ISSN 0006-2510. Retrieved on 2009-06-05.
  16. ↑ Top 40 for 1971 - January 1971. Record World. Retrieved on 2009-01-19.
  17. ↑ CHUM Singles Chart - 23 January 1971. 1050chum.com. Retrieved on 2009-01-19.
  18. ↑ RPM Singles Chart - 23 January 1971. RPM. Retrieved on 2009-01-19.
  19. ↑ Hot 100 Singles - 30 January 1971. Billboard. Retrieved on 2009-01-19.
  20. ↑ Top 100 Singles - 6 February 1971. dutchcharts.nl. Retrieved on 2009-01-19.
  21. ↑ Top 20 Singles - 26 February 1971. rock.co.za. Retrieved on 2009-01-19.
  22. ↑ Top 60 Singles - 6 March 1971. Go Set. Retrieved on 2009-01-19.
  23. ↑ Music Labs (March 1971). "Hits of the World". Billboard 83 (11): 56. ISSN 0006-2510. Retrieved on 2009-06-05.
  24. ↑ Top 100 Singles - 5 April 1971. musicline.de. Retrieved on 2009-01-19.
  25. ↑ Top 100 Singles - 9 April 1971. hitparade.ch. Retrieved on 2009-01-19.
  26. ↑ Radio Malaysia (May 1971). "Hits of the World". Billboard 83 (18): 69. ISSN 0006-2510. Retrieved on 2009-06-05.
  27. ↑ Top 100 Singles - 15 May 1971. austriancharts.at. Retrieved on 2009-01-19.
  28. ↑ Scapolo, Dean (2007). “Top 50 Singles - May 1971”, The Complete New Zealand Music Charts. Wellington: Transpress. ISBN 978-1-877443-00-8. 
  29. ↑ Top 100 Singles - May 1971. PROMUSICAE. Retrieved on 2009-01-19.
  30. ↑ Top 75 Singles - 18 November 2007. musicvf.com. Retrieved on 2009-01-17.
  31. ↑ Hot Digital Songs - 1 December 2007. Billboard. Retrieved on 2009-01-17.
  32. ↑ Hot Digital Singles - 1 December 2007. Billboard. Retrieved on 2009-01-17.
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