User:Milton Beychok/Sandbox2: Difference between revisions

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{{Image|LANL site.jpg|right|250px|Aerial view of Los Alamos National Laboratory as of 1995}}
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'''Los Alamos National Laboratory''' (LANL) is a [[U.S. Department of Energy]] (DOE) national laboratory located in [[Los Alamos]], [[New Mexico]]. Since 2005, it has been managed and operated by [[Los Alamos National Security]] (LANS)<ref name=LANS/> and is one of the world's leading science and technology institutes.
 
LANL's primary mission is to ensure the safety, security, and reliability of the nation's nuclear deterrent.<ref name=LANL-Mission/> In addition to its primary mission, LANL's research work serves to advance [[Biology|bioscience]], [[chemistry]], [[computer science]], [[Earth science|earth]] and [[environmental science]]s, [[materials science]], and [[physics]] disciplines.<ref name=LANL-About/><ref name=LANL-Overview/>
 
At various times in the past, LANL has been known as '''''Site Y''''', '''''Los Alamos Laboratory''''', and '''''Los Alamos Scientific Laboratory'''''.
 
==History==
{{Image|Trinity test.jpg|left|250px|Trinity test of an [[Nuclear weapon|atomic bomb]] on July 15, 1945 at 0.016 seconds after detonation. The fireball was about 200 metres wide.}}
 
The [[Manhattan Project]] was the secret [[United States]] project conducted primarily during [[World War II]], with the participation of the [[United Kingdom]] and [[Canada]], that culminated in developing the world's first [[nuclear weapon]] commonly referred to at that time as an ''atomic bomb''.
 
The project was initiated in 1939 by [[U.S. President]] [[Franklin Delano Roosevelt]], after he received a letter from physicist [[Albert Einstein]] (drafted by fellow physicist [[Leó Szilárd]]) urging the study of [[nuclear fission]] for military purposes, under fears that [[Nazi Germany]] would be first to develop nuclear weapons. Roosevelt started a small investigation into the matter which eventually became the massive [[Manhattan Project]] that employed more than 130,000 people at universities across the United States, the United Kingdom and Canada as well as at the three major design, development and production facilities at:
 
* The weapons design and development facility at Los Alamos, New Mexico known then as '''''Site Y''''', later to become the Los Alamos Scientific Laboratory and now the Los Alamos National Laboratory.
* The [[plutonium]] production facility at the [[Hanford Site]] in eastern [[Washington (U.S. state)|Washington state]].
* The [[uranium]] enrichment facilities at [[Oak Ridge, Tennessee]].
 
President Roosevelt died in mid-April 1945 and was succeeded by President [[Harry S. Truman]], just a few weeks before the war against [[Germany]] and [[Italy]] in [[Europe]] ended in May 1945.
 
The Manhattan project culminated with the detonation of the first nuclear weapon, known as the [[Trinity test]],
in July 1945 at [[White Sands]], [[New Mexico]]. Since [[Japan]] was still waging an aggressive war in the [[Pacific]], President Truman decided to use atomic bombs on the Japsnese cities of [[Hiroshima]] and [[Nagasaki]]. The atomic bombs were dropped by air on Hiroshima on August 6, 1945 and on Nagasaki on August 9, 1945.  The Japanese surrendered shortly thereafter (August 14, 1945) and the war in the Pacific ended.<ref name=LANL-Overview/><ref name=HiroshimaBombing/> A formal surrender ceremony took place aboard the [[USS Missouri]] in [[Tokyo Bay]] on September 2, 1945.
 
(MORE TO BE ADDED)
 
==LANL Organization==
 
{{Image|LANL Organization.png|center|906px|LANL Organization Chart}}
 
==Staff and budget==
 
==References==
{{reflist|refs=
 
<ref name=LANS>[http://www.lansllc.com/about.htm About LANS] From the website of Los Alamos National Security, LLC.</ref>
 
<ref name=LANL-Mission>[http://www.lanl.gov/history/overview.shtml LANL History Overview]] From the website of the Los Alamos National Laboratory.</ref>
 
<ref name=LANL-Overview>[http://www.lanl.gov/news/factsheets/pdf/LANL_Overview.pdf Los Alamos Overview]. From the website of the Los Alamos National Laboratory.</ref>
 
<ref name=LANL-About>[http://www.lanl.gov/about.shtml About LANL] From the website of the Los Alamos National Laboratory.</ref>
 
<ref name=HiroshimaBombing>[http://www.century-of-flight.net/Aviation%20history/WW2/Atomic%20Bombing%20of%20Hiroshima.htm The Atomic Bombing of Hiroshima]</ref>
 
}}

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