Group (mathematics)/Catalogs: Difference between revisions

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imported>Ragnar Schroder
(→‎Some physical models: Added klein 4-gruppe illustration)
imported>Ragnar Schroder
(→‎Some physical models: changed pic, rewording, spelling)
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|'''Model of the [[cyclic group]] of order 4.'''
|'''Model of the [[cyclic group]] of order 4.'''
[[Image:Examplesofgroups-Z4.gif|right|thumb|350px|{{#ifexist:Template:Examplesofgroups-Z4.gif/credit|{{Examplesofgroups-Z4.gif/credit}}<br/>|}} Example of groups.]]
[[Image:Examplesofgroups-Z4.gif|right|thumb|350px|{{#ifexist:Template:Examplesofgroups-Z4.gif/credit|{{Examplesofgroups-Z4.gif/credit}}<br/>|}} Example of group Z4.]]


*Let r<sub>1</sub> be the act of turning the knob 1 step clockwise.
*Let r<sub>1</sub> be the act of turning the knob 1 step clockwise.
*Let r<sub>2</sub> be the act of turning the knob 2 steps clockwise.
*Let r<sub>2</sub> be the act of turning the knob 2 steps clockwise.
*Let r<sub>3</sub> be the act of turning the know 3 steps clockwise.
*Let r<sub>3</sub> be the act of turning the knob 3 steps clockwise.


*Finally,  let r<sub>0</sub> be the act of just doing nothing.
*Finally,  let r<sub>0</sub> be the act of just doing nothing.
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{|align="center" cellpadding="10" style="background-color:lightgray; width:75%; border: 1px solid #aaa; margin:2px; font-size: 90%;"
{|align="center" cellpadding="10" style="background-color:lightgray; width:75%; border: 1px solid #aaa; margin:2px; font-size: 90%;"
|'''Illustration of the non-cyclic group of order 4.'''
|'''Illustration of the non-cyclic group of order 4.'''
[[Image:Exampleofgroups-Z2xZ2.gif|right|thumb|350px|{{#ifexist:Template:Examplesofgroups-Z4.gif/credit|{{Examplesofgroups-Z4.gif/credit}}<br/>|}} Example of group Z2 x Z2.]]
[[Image:Examplesofgroups-Z2xZ2.gif|right|thumb|350px|{{#ifexist:Template:Examplesofgroups-Z4.gif/credit|{{Examplesofgroups-Z4.gif/credit}}<br/>|}} Example of group Z2 x Z2.]]


*Let r<sub>01</sub> be the act of flipping the right button.
*Let r<sub>01</sub> be the act of flipping the right button.

Revision as of 17:28, 29 November 2007

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An informational catalog, or several catalogs, about Group (mathematics).

The mathematical group concept represents a rather simple and natural generalization of common phenomena, so examples of groups are easily found, from all areas of mathematics.


Different classes of groups

Three different classes of groups are commonly studied:


Examples of finite discrete groups

  1. The trivial group consisting of just one element.
  2. The group of order two, which f.i. can be represented by addition modulo 2 or the set {-1, 1} under multiplication.
  3. The group of order three.
  4. The cyclic group of order 4, which can be represented by addition modulo 4.
  5. The noncyclic group of order 4, known as the "Klein viergruppe". A simple physical model of this group is two separate on-off switches.


Some physical models

Some common physical objects provide excellent introductions to group theory.


Model of the cyclic group of order 4.
PD Image
Example of group Z4.
  • Let r1 be the act of turning the knob 1 step clockwise.
  • Let r2 be the act of turning the knob 2 steps clockwise.
  • Let r3 be the act of turning the knob 3 steps clockwise.
  • Finally, let r0 be the act of just doing nothing.

It's easy to see the following:

  • Doing r1 and then r1 again gives the same result as doing r2.
  • Doing r1 and then r2 gives the same result as doing r3.
  • Doing r1 and then r3 gives the same result as doing nothing, i.e. r0.
  • ...


These results can be summarized in the following table:

* r0 r1 r2 r3
r0 r0 r1 r2 r3
r1 r1 r2 r3 r0
r2 r2 r3 r0 r1
r3 r3 r0 r1 r2
Illustration of the non-cyclic group of order 4.
PD Image
Example of group Z2 x Z2.
  • Let r01 be the act of flipping the right button.
  • Let r10 be the act of flipping the left button.
  • Let r11 be the act of flipping both buttons.
  • Finally, let r00 be the act of just doing nothing.

It's easy to see the following:

  • Doing r01 and then r01 again gives the same result as doing r00, i.e. nothing.
  • Doing r01 and then r10 gives the same result as doing r11.
  • Doing r01 and then r11 gives the same result as doing r10.
  • ...

These results can be summarized in the following table:

* r00 r01 r10 r11
r00 r00 r01 r10 r11
r01 r01 r00 r11 r10
r10 r10 r11 r00 r01
r11 r11 r10 r01 r00


Many examples of groups come from considering some object and a set of bijective functions from the object to itself, which preserve some structure that this object has.