Intelligence (information gathering): Difference between revisions
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#Social science with philosophical and ideological assessment of intentions, based on understanding of the actors rather than specific knowledge. | #Social science with philosophical and ideological assessment of intentions, based on understanding of the actors rather than specific knowledge. Abram Shulsky and Gary Schmitt, make sophisticated, as he points out that the classical social science do not routinely deal with the deliberate [[deception]] faced by intelligence analysts, and cite [[counterintelligence]] as absolutely vital to reliable analysis. <ref name=Shulsky>{{citation | ||
| title = Silent Warfare: Understanding the world of intelligence | | title = Silent Warfare: Understanding the world of intelligence | ||
| author = Abram Shulsky and Gary Schmitt | | author = Abram Shulsky and Gary Schmitt |
Revision as of 16:20, 1 April 2024
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Intelligence, in the context of information gathering, refers to a wide range of techniques for picking and prioritizing the subjects of interest, collecting and validating raw information, and inferring meaning by analyzing (ideally) multiple sources of information on a given subject. Once the analytical results are available, they must be disseminated to the people that need it. In a military, law enforcement, business, and national intelligence process, some of the means of collection, and possibly analysis, may be secret, for if the opponent knew the methods were in use, that person or organization could take precautions against them. Therefore, there is a delicate balance between the number of people that receive the analyzed material, and the risk of revealing "sources and methods". The discipline of counterintelligence focuses on protecting one's own sensitive information, not just one's intelligence processes, from an opponent. Intelligence collectionWhile methods and their selection are discussed, at length, in intelligence collection management and discipline-specific models of technique, the major categories are:
Counterintelligence is a related discipline that attempts to defeat the process of collection; it overlaps but is subtly different from deception, where one creates information to be collected but that will give the wrong impression. William Colby complained of James Jesus Angleton "Indeed, we seemed to be putting more emphasis on the KGB as the CIA's adversary than on the Soviet Union as the United States' enemy." [1] The term "wilderness of mirrors" occurs again and again in the intelligence literature, referring to how intelligence can be paralyzed by overemphasizing a counterespionage assumption that all information is deception. Clandestine human-source intelligence operational techniques may be needed to place technical sensors in denied areas. For example, CIA clandestine personnel were tasked to install SIGINT and MASINT (including weather) sensors behind the Iron Curtain. [2]. The National Security Archive said that in 1987, CIA created "... a new Office for Special Projects. Concerned not with satellites, but with emplaced sensors – sensors that could be placed in a fixed location to collect signals intelligence or measurement and signature intelligence (MASINT) about a specific target." Such sensors had been used to monitor Chinese missile tests, Soviet laser activity, military movements, and foreign nuclear programs. The office was established to bring together scientists from the DS&T’s Office of SIGINT Operations, who designed such systems, with operators from the Directorate of Operations, who were responsible for transporting the devices to their clandestine locations and installing them." Intelligence analysis: modelsBroadly speaking, there are four major paradigms for intelligence analysis:
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