Evolution of appetite regulating systems/Bibliography

Review Articles

1. Dores RM et al. (2005) Trends in the evolution of the proopoimelanocortin gene. Gen Comp Endocrinol 142(1-2):81-93 PMID 15862552 (This review specifically traces the evolution of the POMC gene. It provides a very useful overview of the gene and end-product variation between sub-classes..."In Phylum Chordata this gene has been characterized in representatives of every class within the Gnathostomata, as well as in one representative agnathan vertebrate, the marine lamprey.")

2. Halabe Bucay A. (2008) The role of lipotropins as hematopoietic factors and their potential therapeutic use. Exp Hematol 36(6):752-4 PMID 18358591.

3. Kawauchi H et al. (2006) The dawn and evolution of hormones in the adenohypophysis. Gen Comp Endocrinol 148(1): 3-14 PMID 16356498 (This review article summarises the origins and evolution of several anterior pituitary hormones. It compares and contrasts these genes in various sub-classes of Phylum Chordata.)

4. Millington GW. (2007) The role of proopiomelanocortin (POMC) neurones in feeding behaviour. Nutrition and Metabolism 4:18 PMID 17764572.

5. Raffin-Sanson et al. (2003) Proopiomelanocortin, a polypeptide precursor with multiple functions: from physiology to pathological conditions. European Journal of Endocrinology 149:79–90 PMID 12887283.

6. Shimizu H et al. (2007) The leptin-dependent and -independent melanocortin signaling system: regulation of feeding and energy expenditure. J Endocrinol 193(1):1-9 PMID 17400797 ("Leptin and pro-opiomelanocortin (POMC)- derived a-melanocyte-stimulating hormone are key anorectic molecules, and the leptin receptor and POMC gene are both expressed in the hypothalamic arcuate nucleus. Although it has been considered that melanocortin signaling is localized downstream to leptin signaling, data have accumulated to support the concept of a leptin-independent melanocortin signaling system. We focus on and review the melanocortin signaling system that functions dependently or independently of leptin signaling in the regulation of energy homeostasis.")

7. Takahashi A et al. (2006) Evolution of melanocortin systems in fish. Gen Comp Endocrinol 148(1):85-94 PMID 16289182

8. Yang YK et al. (2003) Recent developments in our understanding of melanocortin system in the regulation of food intake. Obes Rev 4(4):239-48 PMID 14649374 (This review examines the role of the melanocortin system, a product of the POMC gene, in appetite regulation. A greater knowledge of this system is important in trying to understand the genetic factors of obesity.)

Research Papers

1. Danielson PB et al (1999) Duplication of the POMC gene in the paddlefish (Polyodon spathula): analysis of gamma-MSH, ACTH, and beta-endorphin regions of ray-finned fish POMC. Gen Comp Endocrinol 116(2):164-77 PMID 10562447 (With the discovery of two POMC genes in one type of Ray-Finned fish (Salmonid), this study analysed the POMC gene expression in Paddlefish, another Ray-Finned Fish, to determine whether POMC gene duplication had occurred. The paddlefish were found to have two POMC genes too, which were cloned and analysed in depth. The two POMC genes were compared with each other, to POMC genes from other fish, and also vertebrates.)

2. Grigoriev VV et al. (2009) Effect of Corticotropin-Like Intermediate Lobe Peptide on Presynaptic and Postsynaptic Glutamate Receptors and Postsynaptic GABA Receptors in Rat Brain Bull Exp Biol Med 147(3):319-22 PMID 19529852.

3. Lee YS et al. (2006) A POMC variant implicates beta-melanocyte-stimulating hormone in the control of human energy balance. Cell Metab 3(2):135-40 PMID 16459314 (This study screened patients with severe, early-onset obesoty for mutations in the POMC gene. One of the variants, identified in the region encoding beta-MSH, had an increased frequency compared to the control group. Individuals with the mutation were more likely to be hyperphagic, hinting that beta-MSH may be involved in appetite regulation.)

4. Schoofs L et al. (1987) Localization of melanotropin-like peptides in the central nervous system of two insect species, the migratory locust, Locusta migratoria, and the fleshfly, Sarcophaga bullata. Cell Tissue Res 248(1):25-31 PMID 3552238 ("The present observations support the recently developed concept that even some of the smallest neuropeptides, the melanotropins, have been highly conserved during a long period of evolution.")

5. Takahashi A et al. (1995) Melanotropin and corticotropin are encoded on two distinct genes in the lamprey, the earliest evolved extant vertebrate. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 213(2):490-8 PMID 7646504 (This group found that melanotropins (MSH) and corticotropin (ACTH) were coded by two separate genes in Lamprey. The genes were cloned and the end-products were found to be similar to other vertebrates expressing the single POMC gene. It was suggested that during Lamprey evolution the POMC gene was duplicated intragenically resulting in the POC and POM genes.)

6. Takahashi A et al. (2003) Identification of proopiomelanocortin-related peptides in the rostral pars distalis of the pituitary in coelacanth: evolutional implications. Gen Comp Endocrinol 130(3):340-9 PMID 12606277

7. Takahashi A et al (2006) Occurrence of two functionally distinct proopiomelanocortin genes in all modern lampreys. Gen Comp Endocrinol 148(1):72-8 PMID 16243327

Other papers which may be helpful

"The role of peptides in appetite regulation across species" http://www.jstor.org/stable/pdfplus/3884149.pdf?acceptTC=true Manik Kohli 15:32, 4 October 2010 (UTC)

Interactions of Gastrointestinal Peptides: Ghrelin and Its Anorexigenic Antagonists. Anna-Sophia Wisser, Piet Habbel, Bertram Wiedenmann, Burghard F. Klapp, Hubert M¨onnikes, and Peter Kobelt. International Journal of Peptides. Volume 2010. Sophie A. Clarke 15:38, 4 October 2010 (UTC)

The role of gut hormones and the hypothalamus in appetite regulation. Keisuke Suzuki, Katherine A Simpson, James S Minnion, Joyceline C Shillito and Stephen R Bloom. Endocrine Journal 2010, 57 (5), 359-372 Sophie A. Clarke 15:41, 4 October 2010 (UTC)