Python (programming language)

Python is a dynamic object-oriented, general purpose interpreted programming language which runs on many different computer platforms and mobile devices. Python is open source software. Python aims to be a language that is efficient, coherent, readable, and fun to use. Because Python is an interpreted language, Python programs run immediately without the need for lengthy compile and link steps.

History

Python was first published by the Dutch computer scientist (and applied mathematician) Guido van Rossum in pre-release (early-adopter) form in 1991, and to this day he remains the project leader and final arbiter of Python Enhancement Proposals (PEPs).

Python 2.5.1 is the current production release, and is very stable.

Python's major (standard) releases were:

• Python 2.5.1 (April 2007)
• Python 2.4.4 (October 2006)
• Python 2.3.6 (November 2006)
• Python 2.2.3 (May 2003)
• Python 2.1.3 (April 2002)
• Python 2.0.1 (June 2001)
• Python 1.6.1 (September 2000)
• Python 1.5.2 (April 1999)
• Python 1.4 (October 1996)
• Python 1.3 (October 1995)
• Python 1.2 (April 1995)
• Python 1.1 (1995)
• Python 1.0 (1994)

Currently under development is a full refactoring for Python (version 3.0), which is known as Python 3000 (Py3k), and which is now in its early alpha (pre-production) stage.

Examples

Hello World

The code for the "hello world" program can hardly be more simple:

print 'Hello World'

This can be put in a file "hello.py", for example, and executed with

python hello.py

from your operating system's command line. Alternatively, the code can be typed directly into an interactive Python environment (the Python command line interpreter or IDLE, both of which are included in the standard Python distribution).

Calculator

The Python interpreter can be invoked from the command line and used as a scientific calculator. At the prompt (denoted here by >>> ), type

>>> 2+3*(1+1)

the interpreter will print 8. Division of integers returns an integer result, so

>>> 7/2

is 3 (floor from the exact result). If a real result is needed, then at least one operand should be a real number, as shown below

>>> 7.0/2

More interesting functions can be found in the math module. It must be imported before it can be used.

>>> from math import *
>>> print sin(pi/2)

High quality graphs may be obtained with the matplotlib library

Files

A useful Python construction is related to working with files. Line-by-line Perl-like file processing can be realized with a standard for loop as in the following simple word count script. Below, the comments start with the hash '#' sign.

(char_count,word_count,line_count)=0,0,0      # multiple assignment is available
file = open ('myfile.txt')                    # standard opening of the file
for line in file:                             # this is "idiomatic" use of of the "for" loop
    wordlist = line.split()                       # splitting line into the list of words
    word_count += len(wordlist)                   # counting words
    line_count += 1                               # counting lines
    char_count += len(line) - 1                   # counting characters
print line_count, word_count, char_count      # we're done

The indentation indicates what code is executed within the loop. This is part of Python's syntax. When the end of file is reached, the loop terminates and the results are printed by the last line of the code. Note also that the variable line contains the terminating newline character, so that 1 is subtracted from its length for the character counting. Another interesting observation can be made: the method (i.e. function) of splitting a string is 'provided' by this very string. Indeed, Python is an objective language; the string variables are objects and related methods are its attributes.

Internet access

The following script counts the images on the Citizendium Main Page.

1  import urllib2                      
2  cnt=0
3  for line in urllib2.urlopen('http://en.citizendium.org/wiki/Main_Page'):
4       cnt += line.count('<img src')
5  print cnt

(note that the line numbers were added for clarity - they are not needed in an actual Python script)

• In line 1, we import a module from the standard library. Python's standard library is said to be rich and often regarded as Python's strong point. In fact, Python official pages declare a "batteries included" philosophy.

• In line 2, the variable named 'cnt' is set to zero initially (a best practice in programming)

• In line 3, the URL is fetched using the urllib2 function. This merits some discussion. In Python, the source HTML files of web pages can be treated much like the local files, e.g. processed line-by-line with a for loop. In the above example the variable line is a string containing a piece of HTML code of Citizendium's Main Page. Embedded images are inserted in this code with a text that begins with '<img src'. So it's enough to count instances of this last string.

• In line 4 (inside the for loop), the appropriate method count() is used to increment the cnt variable by one every time the HTML tag beginning with "<img src" is encountered.

• In line 5, after the for loop exits (presumably because all instances of the 'img' tag have been counted), the variable 'cnt' is printed.

A ready-to-run copy of this script is available here.

Syntax

Remarkable global features of the Python syntax include high readability of the code, which is aided by the use of indentation to separate blocks of code and a general "one statement per line" principle.

Implementations

Python's official distribution is known as CPython. It's written in C and functions as a virtual machine for interpreting bytecode-compiled Python programs. Jython is an implementation for the Java Virtual Machine, which can run either standalone (like CPython) or as an embedded scripting engine. IronPython is an implementation for the Common Language Runtime (.NET and Mono). PyPy is an implementation written in Python that targets several backends, including C, LLVM, JavaScript, JVM and CLR.

Run-time efficiency

Generally, a high-level interpreted scripting language is far not as fast as a compiled program. However, a specializing just-in-time compiler "Psyco" runs existing Python programs much faster, with no change in the source text. In addition, the Python library contains a number of modules performing useful operations quite effectively. For example, "anydbm" can effectively maintain a large indexed file.

Python IDEs

Python can be supported as the programming language in an integrated development environment (IDE).

Popular Python IDEs include the following:

• IDLE, the default Integrated Development Environment for Python
• Eclipse pydev, the pydev plug-in to the Eclipse IDE for Python
• ActiveState Komodo, the multiple scripting languages IDE
• Wingware Wing, the multiplatform Python-language-specific IDE