English irregular verbs: Difference between revisions
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*the -s form, which is used for the [[third person]] [[singular]] of the present tense (he waits, she waits) | *the -s form, which is used for the [[third person]] [[singular]] of the present tense (he waits, she waits) | ||
*the -ing form, used for the [[present participle]] and [[gerund]] | *the -ing form, used for the [[present participle]] and [[gerund]] | ||
*the past form, which is used both for the [[past tense]] and the [[past participle]], and which consists of adding -ed to the base, or, in the case of verbs ending in -e, -d only (I waited, she | *the past form, which is used both for the [[past tense]] and the [[past participle]], and which consists of adding -ed to the base, or, in the case of verbs ending in -e, -d only (I waited, she has waited) | ||
'''Irregular verbs''' have these forms, and form the -s and -ing forms regularly: béar, béars, béaring. But the past tense and/or past participle are not formed regularly, as is the case with béar, bŏre, bŏrn (shê bŏre hím, hê was bŏrn). (The accents, which are not part of the language, are included to show stress and pronunciation: see [[English spellings]] for a table and [[English phonemes]] for the [[International Phonetic Alphabet|IPA]]. Words in italics suggest meaning, and an equals sign is placed between [[homophones]].) | '''Irregular verbs''' have these forms, and form the -s and -ing forms regularly: béar, béars, béaring. But the past tense and/or past participle are not formed regularly, as is the case with béar, bŏre, bŏrn (shê bŏre hím, hê was bŏrn). (The accents, which are not part of the language, are included to show stress and pronunciation: see [[English spellings]] for a table and [[English phonemes]] for the [[International Phonetic Alphabet|IPA]]. Words in italics suggest meaning, and an equals sign is placed between [[homophones]].) | ||
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|fleŵ | |fleŵ | ||
|flôwn | |flôwn | ||
| | |||
|- | |||
|forbéar | |||
|forbŏre | |||
|forbŏrne | |||
| | |||
|- | |||
|forbíd | |||
|forbáde, forbâde, forbád | |||
|forbídden | |||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
Revision as of 18:12, 1 April 2008
Regular verbs in English have four forms:
- the base, which is equivalent to the infinitive without 'to' and most forms of the present tense (for example, wait, to wait, I wait)
- the -s form, which is used for the third person singular of the present tense (he waits, she waits)
- the -ing form, used for the present participle and gerund
- the past form, which is used both for the past tense and the past participle, and which consists of adding -ed to the base, or, in the case of verbs ending in -e, -d only (I waited, she has waited)
Irregular verbs have these forms, and form the -s and -ing forms regularly: béar, béars, béaring. But the past tense and/or past participle are not formed regularly, as is the case with béar, bŏre, bŏrn (shê bŏre hím, hê was bŏrn). (The accents, which are not part of the language, are included to show stress and pronunciation: see English spellings for a table and English phonemes for the IPA. Words in italics suggest meaning, and an equals sign is placed between homophones.) Others have associated passive adjectives like súnken, from sínk, sánk, súnk (súnken chêeks) and as in såwn-óff shótgun and neŵ-môwn låwns, and these are included in cases where their form is different from the past participle (regular verbs with this feature are included here). Not all the forms are in common use: for example, people are still described as being behôlden to others, but the verb itself, behóld, meaning look at, is nowadays only used poetically or in jest.
Table of irregular verbs
| base | past tense | past participle | past passive adjective |
|---|---|---|---|
| béãr birth | bŏre | bŏrn | |
| béar suffered, carried | bŏre | bŏrne | |
| bêat | bêat | bêaten | |
| begín | begán | begún | |
| behóld | behéld | behéld | behôlden |
| bénd | bént | bént | |
| berêave | berêaved | berêaved | beréft |
| besêech | besŏught | besŏught | |
| bíd auction | bíd | bíd | |
| bíd ask | báde (= bád wrong) | bídden | |
| bînd | bòund | bòund | |
| bîte | bít | bítten | |
| blêed | bléd | bléd | |
| bléss | bléssed = | bléssed, blést, same pronunciation | bléssed, pronounced *bléssíd |
| blôw | bleŵ (= blûe colour) | blôwn | |
| breâk | brôke | brôken | |
| brêed | bréd | bréd | |
| bríng | brŏught | brŏught | |
| buíld | buílt | buílt | |
| bürn | bürned, bürnt | bürnt, bürned[1] | |
| bürst | bürst | bürst | |
| buy | bŏught | bŏught | |
| cāst | cāst | cāst | |
| cátch (-s form cátches) | cåught | cåught | |
| chîde | chîded, chíd | chîded | chídden |
| choôse | chôse | chôsen | |
| clêave | clôve | clôven | cléft |
| clíng | clúng | clúng | |
| clôthe | clôthed | clôthed | clád |
| còme | câme | còme | |
| cóst | cóst | cóst | |
| crêep | crépt | crépt | |
| cút | cút | cút | |
| dêal | déalt | déalt | |
| díg | dúg | dúg | |
| dîve | dîved (AmE also has dôve, cf. dòve bird) | dîved | |
| do (*doô; -s form dòes) | díd | dòne | |
| dråw | dreŵ | dråwn | |
| drêam | dréamt, drêamed | dréamt, drêamed | |
| drínk | dránk | drúnk | drúnken |
| drîve | drôve | dríven | |
| dwéll | dwélt | dwélt | |
| êat | âte AmE, BrE *ét | êaten | |
| fåll | féll | fållen | |
| fêed | féd | féd | |
| fêel | félt | félt | |
| fîght | fŏught | fŏught | |
| fînd | fòund | fòund | |
| flêe | fléd | fléd | |
| flíng | flúng | flúng | |
| flŷ (-s form flîes) | fleŵ | flôwn | |
| forbéar | forbŏre | forbŏrne | |
| forbíd | forbáde, forbâde, forbád | forbídden |
Notes
- ↑ The past tense is more often bürned, the participle bürnt.