Dyspepsia: Difference between revisions
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'''Dyspepsia''' (from the [[Greek language|Greek]] "δυς-" (Dys-), meaning hard or difficult, and "πέψη" (Pepse), meaning digestion) is chronic or recurrent pain or discomfort centered in the upper abdomen <ref> | {{subpages}} | ||
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'''Dyspepsia''' (from the [[Greek language|Greek]] "δυς-" (Dys-), meaning hard or difficult, and "πέψη" (Pepse), meaning digestion) is chronic or recurrent pain or discomfort centered in the upper abdomen <ref name="pmid16181387">{{cite journal |author=Talley NJ, Vakil N |title=Guidelines for the management of dyspepsia |journal=Am. J. Gastroenterol. |volume=100 |issue=10 |pages=2324–37 |year=2005 |pmid=16181387 |doi=10.1111/j.1572-0241.2005.00225.x}}</ref><ref name="NICE-CG17">National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence. 2004. Dyspepsia. August, 2004. http://guidance.nice.org.uk/CG17 (accessed October 12, 2007)</ref> Discomfort, in this context, includes mild pain, upper abdominal fullness and feeling full earlier than expected with eating. It can be accompanied by bloating, belching, [[nausea]] or heartburn. It may be called indigestion. [[Heartburn]] is excluded from the definition of dyspesia in ICD 10, as it usually has a different cause and management pathway. When a patient has dyspepsia, but underlying disease is found, the patient is said to have '''non-ulcer dyspepsia''' or '''functional dyspepsia''' or '''idopathic dyspepsia'''. | |||
==Classification== | |||
Dyspepsia has been proposed to have symptomatic subgroups:<ref name="pmid10457043">{{cite journal |author=Talley NJ, Stanghellini V, Heading RC, Koch KL, Malagelada JR, Tytgat GN |title=Functional gastroduodenal disorders |journal=Gut |volume=45 Suppl 2 |issue= |pages=II37–42 |year=1999 |pmid=10457043 |doi=|url=http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?pubmedid=10457043}}</ref><ref name="pmid11731396">{{cite journal |author=Talley NJ, Phung N, Kalantar JS |title=ABC of the upper gastrointestingal tract: Indigestion: When is it functional? |journal=BMJ |volume=323 |issue=7324 |pages=1294–7 |year=2001 |pmid=11731396 |doi=}}</ref><ref name="pmid8224642">{{cite journal |author=Talley NJ, Weaver AL, Tesmer DL, Zinsmeister AR |title=Lack of discriminant value of dyspepsia subgroups in patients referred for upper endoscopy |journal=Gastroenterology |volume=105 |issue=5 |pages=1378–86 |year=1993 |pmid=8224642 |doi=0.1136/bmj.323.7324.1294|url=http://www.bmj.com/cgi/content/full/323/7324/1294}}</ref> | |||
* ulcerlike - "Pain centered in the upper abdomen is the predominant (most bothersome) symptom."<ref name="pmid10457043"/> | |||
* dysmotilitylike - "An unpleasant or troublesome non-painful sensation (discomfort) centered in the upper abdomen is the predominant symptom; this sensation may be characterized by or associated with upper abdominal fullness, early satiety, bloating, or nausea."<ref name="pmid10457043"/> | |||
* refluxlike | |||
* nonspecific | |||
However, there is not a strong correlation of symptom type and measures of abnormal motility or hypersensitivity.<ref name="pmid8224642"/><ref name="pmid16472585">{{cite journal |author=Karamanolis G, Caenepeel P, Arts J, Tack J |title=Association of the predominant symptom with clinical characteristics and pathophysiological mechanisms in functional dyspepsia |journal=Gastroenterology |volume=130 |issue=2 |pages=296–303 |year=2006 |pmid=16472585 |doi=10.1053/j.gastro.2005.10.019}}</ref> | |||
A [[cluster analysis]] identified 4 groups, the first two are associated with delayed gastric emptying and the second two are associated with gastric hypersensitivity:<ref name="pmid12671886">{{cite journal |author=Fischler B, Tack J, De Gucht V, ''et al'' |title=Heterogeneity of symptom pattern, psychosocial factors, and pathophysiological mechanisms in severe functional dyspepsia |journal=Gastroenterology |volume=124 |issue=4 |pages=903–10 |year=2003 |pmid=12671886 |doi=10.1053/gast.2003.50155}}</ref> | |||
* Factor 1 - "characterized by nausea, vomiting, early satiety, and weight loss...associated with delayed emptying...younger age, female sex, and sickness behavior" | |||
* Factor 2 - "characterized by postprandial fullness and bloating...associated with delayed emptying" | |||
* Factor 3 - "characterized by pain symptoms and associated with gastric hypersensitivity and several psychosocial dimensions including medically unexplained symptoms and health-related quality of life dimensions". | |||
* Factor 4 - "characterized by belching, is also associated with hypersensitivity, but is unrelated to psychosocial dimensions." | |||
==Cause/etiology== | ==Cause/etiology== | ||
Several studies provide prevalences of underlying causes based on findings at [[ | Some cases are caused by medications such as calcium antagonists, nitrates, theophyllines, bisphosphonates, [[corticosteroid]]s and [[non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug]]s [NSAIDs]).<ref name="NICE-CG17"/> | ||
Several studies provide prevalences of underlying causes based on findings at [[esophagogastroduodenoscopy]] (EGD).<ref name="pmid20010920">{{cite journal| author=Zagari RM, Law GR, Fuccio L, Pozzato P, Forman D, Bazzoli F| title=Dyspeptic symptoms and endoscopic findings in the community: the Loiano-Monghidoro study. | journal=Am J Gastroenterol | year= 2010 | volume= 105 | issue= 3 | pages= 565-71 | pmid=20010920 | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=clinical.uthscsa.edu/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=20010920 | doi=10.1038/ajg.2009.706 }} </ref><ref name="pmid8224642"/><ref name="pmid2904061">{{cite journal |author=Williams B, Luckas M, Ellingham JH, Dain A, Wicks AC |title=Do young patients with dyspepsia need investigation? |journal=Lancet |volume=2 |issue=8624 |pages=1349–51 |year=1988 |pmid=2904061 |doi=}}</ref><ref name="pmid2021764">{{cite journal |author=Johnsen R, Bernersen B, Straume B, Førde OH, Bostad L, Burhol PG |title=Prevalences of endoscopic and histological findings in subjects with and without dyspepsia |journal=BMJ |volume=302 |issue=6779 |pages=749–52 |year=1991 |pmid=2021764 |doi=}} [http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?pubmedid=2021764 Fulltext]</ref> <ref name="pmid20551455">{{cite journal| author=Bai Y, Li ZS, Zou DW, Wu RP, Yao YZ, Jin ZD et al.| title=Alarm features and age for predicting upper gastrointestinal malignancy in Chinese patients with dyspepsia with high background prevalence of Helicobacter pylori infection and upper gastrointestinal malignancy: an endoscopic database review of 102,665 patients from 1996 to 2006. | journal=Gut | year= 2010 | volume= 59 | issue= 6 | pages= 722-8 | pmid=20551455 | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=20551455 | doi=10.1136/gut.2009.192401 }} </ref> | |||
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center" | {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center" | ||
|+ Findings in various populations | |+ Findings in various populations | ||
! !!Patients referred to gastroenterologists for dyspesia<ref name="pmid8224642"/> !! Primary care patients with dyspepsia<ref name="pmid2904061"/>!!Volunteers ''without'' dyspepsia<ref name="pmid2021764"/> | ! !!Patients referred to gastroenterologists for dyspesia<ref name="pmid8224642"/> !! Primary care patients with dyspepsia<ref name="pmid2904061"/>!!Volunteers with dyspepsia<ref name="pmid20010920"/>!!Volunteers ''without'' dyspepsia<ref name="pmid20010920"/>!!Volunteers ''without'' dyspepsia<ref name="pmid2021764"/>!!Referred patients in China<ref name="pmid20551455"/> | ||
|- | |- | ||
|colspan=" | |colspan="7"|<b>Normal</b> | ||
|- | |- | ||
| Macroscopically normal<br>by EGD || 60% || 54% || 66% | | Macroscopically normal<br>by EGD || 60% || 54% || 73% || 82% ||66%|| | ||
|- | |- | ||
| Histologically normal<br>by biopsy at EGD || || || 35% | | Histologically normal<br>by biopsy at EGD || || || || ||35%|| | ||
|- | |- | ||
|colspan=" | |colspan="7"|<b>Esophagus</b> | ||
|- | |- | ||
| Macroscopic esophagitis<br>by EGD || 14% || 12% || 22% | | Macroscopic [[esophagitis]]<br>by EGD || 14% || 12% ||13% ||9%|| 22%<br>(included Grades<br/>1 & 2)|| | ||
|- | |- | ||
| Hiatal hernia >2 cm by UGI|| 40% || | | [[Hiatal hernia]] >2 cm by UGI|| 40% || || |||| 26%|| | ||
|- | |- | ||
| Hiatal hernia by EGD || || 3% || 3% | | Hiatal hernia by EGD || || 3% || || || 3%|| | ||
|- | |- | ||
|colspan=" | |colspan="7"|<b>Stomach/duodenum</b> | ||
|- | |- | ||
| Peptic ulcer disease (PUD) || 20% || 8% || 4% | | [[Peptic ulcer disease]] (PUD) || 20% || 8% ||9% ||4%|| 4%|| | ||
|- | |||
| Gastritis/duodenitis || 14% || 20% ||5%<br/>(erosions required) ||5%<br/>(erosions required)|| 9-16%|| | |||
|- | |||
|colspan="7"|<b>Other</b> | |||
|- | |||
| Malignancy || 3% || 0% ||0.4%||0.5%|| 0%||4% | |||
|} | |} | ||
===Non-ulcer dyspepsia=== | ===Non-ulcer dyspepsia (NUD)=== | ||
====Rome criteria==== | |||
Nonulcer dyspepsia exists ('''functional dyspepsia''') when [[esophagogastroduodenoscopy]] and other tests have excluded other diseases and the patient has the following Rome II criteria:<ref name="pmid10457043"/> | |||
At least 12 weeks, which need not be consecutive, within the preceding 12 months of: | |||
# Persistent or recurrent dyspepsia (pain or discomfort centered in the upper abdomen); and | |||
# No evidence of organic disease (including at upper endoscopy) that is likely to explain the symptoms; and | |||
# No evidence that dyspepsia is exclusively relieved by defecation or associated with the onset of a change in stool frequency or stool form (i.e., not irritable bowel). | |||
====Possible causes of NUD==== | |||
The implied lack of organic disease may actually be incorrect as there may be physiological abnormalities that are too subtle for commonly used tests. For example, some patients may have gastric motor function or visceral sensitivity.<ref name="pmid16472585">{{cite journal |author=Karamanolis G, Caenepeel P, Arts J, Tack J |title=Association of the predominant symptom with clinical characteristics and pathophysiological mechanisms in functional dyspepsia |journal=Gastroenterology |volume=130 |issue=2 |pages=296–303 |year=2006 |pmid=16472585 |doi=10.1053/j.gastro.2005.10.019}}</ref><ref name="pmid12671886"/> | |||
Non-ulcer dyspepsia, when of acute onset, may be due to gastric dysmotor dysfunction following gastrointestinal infections.<ref name="pmid12055579">{{cite journal |author=Tack J, Demedts I, Dehondt G, ''et al'' |title=Clinical and pathophysiological characteristics of acute-onset functional dyspepsia |journal=Gastroenterology |volume=122 |issue=7 |pages=1738–47 |year=2002 |pmid=12055579 |doi=}}</ref> | |||
====H. pylori==== | |||
The role of [[H. pylori]] is not clear. | |||
====Association with other diseases==== | |||
=====Psychiatric diagnoses===== | |||
Psychiatric diagnoses are more prevalent among patients with normal endoscopies than abnormal endoscopies.<ref name="pmid9532557">{{cite journal |author=O'Malley PG, Wong PW, Kroenke K, Roy MJ, Wong RK |title=The value of screening for psychiatric disorders prior to upper endoscopy |journal=Journal of psychosomatic research |volume=44 |issue=2 |pages=279–87 |year=1998 |pmid=9532557 |doi=}}</ref> | |||
=====Irritable bowel===== | |||
{{main|Irritable bowel syndrome}} | |||
There is much overlap among patients with non-ulcer dyspepsia and [[irritable bowel syndrome]].<ref name="pmid7657095">{{cite journal |author=Agréus L, Svärdsudd K, Nyrén O, Tibblin G |title=Irritable bowel syndrome and dyspepsia in the general population: overlap and lack of stability over time |journal=Gastroenterology |volume=109 |issue=3 |pages=671–80 |year=1995 |pmid=7657095 |doi=}}</ref> | |||
=====Celiac disease===== | |||
{{main|Celiac disease}} | |||
Using historical controls, non-ulcer dyspepsia has been found to associate with [[celiac disease]].<ref name="pmid17235704">{{cite journal |author=Ozaslan E, Akkorlu S, Eskioğlu E, Kayhan B |title=Prevalence of silent celiac disease in patients with dyspepsia |journal=Dig. Dis. Sci. |volume=52 |issue=3 |pages=692–7 |year=2007 |pmid=17235704 |doi=10.1007/s10620-006-9453-1}}</ref> | |||
==Diagnosis== | ==Diagnosis== | ||
Line 46: | Line 97: | ||
* Palpable mass or lymphadenopathy | * Palpable mass or lymphadenopathy | ||
* Jaundice | * Jaundice | ||
Although the value of these findings is hard to establish<ref name="pmid15082584">{{cite journal |author=Hammer J, Eslick GD, Howell SC, Altiparmak E, Talley NJ |title=Diagnostic yield of alarm features in irritable bowel syndrome and functional dyspepsia |journal=Gut |volume=53 |issue=5 |pages=666–72 |year=2004 |pmid=15082584 |doi=}}</ref>, one study found that the best predictions of abnormal investigations were:<ref name="pmid7352814">{{cite journal |author=Marton KI, Sox HC, Wasson J, Duisenberg CE |title=The clinical value of the upper gastrointestinal tract roentgenogram series |journal=Arch. Intern. Med. |volume=140 |issue=2 |pages=191–5 |year=1980 |pmid=7352814 |doi=}}</ref> | |||
* History of an previous ulcer | |||
* Age 50 or more | |||
* Pain better with food or milk (presumably identifies duodenal pathology) | |||
* Pain occurs < one hour after eating (presumably identifies gastric pathology) | |||
Regarding gastric cancer, helpful findings are anemia and persistence of symptoms.<ref name="pmid9934734">{{cite journal |author=Gillen D, McColl KE |title=Does concern about missing malignancy justify endoscopy in uncomplicated dyspepsia in patients aged less than 55? |journal=Am. J. Gastroenterol. |volume=94 |issue=1 |pages=75–9 |year=1999 |pmid=9934734 |doi=}}</ref> | |||
Identifying a psychiatric disorder may reduce the chance than a serious organic disorder is present.<ref name="pmid9532557"/> | |||
On physical examination, pallor of conjunctiva, nail-bed or palmar crease, or the absence of nail-bed blanching are predictive of significant anemia (hemoglobin less than 12 gm/dl).<ref name="pmid2297289">{{cite journal |author=Nardone DA, Roth KM, Mazur DJ, McAfee JH |title=Usefulness of physical examination in detecting the presence or absence of anemia |journal=Arch. Intern. Med. |volume=150 |issue=1 |pages=201–4 |year=1990 |pmid=2297289 |doi=}}</ref> | |||
===Laboratory tests=== | ===Laboratory tests=== | ||
[[ | ====Complete blood count==== | ||
One study found that by using "[[H. pylori]] serology and a hemoglobin reading in the evaluation of dyspeptic patients under 45 years of age, the need for endoscopy can be reduced by 55%."<ref name="pmid16484121">{{cite journal |author=Valle PC, Breckan RK, Amin A, ''et al'' |title="Test, score and scope": a selection strategy for safe reduction of upper gastrointestinal endoscopies in young dyspeptic patients referred from primary care |journal=Scand. J. Gastroenterol. |volume=41 |issue=2 |pages=161–9 |year=2006 |pmid=16484121 |doi=10.1080/00365520500286881}}</ref> | |||
In adults, 60% of patients with [[iron deficiency anemia]] may have underlying gastrointestinal disorders leading to chronic blood loss.<ref name="pmid8179652">{{cite journal |author=Rockey D, Cello J |title=Evaluation of the gastrointestinal tract in patients with iron-deficiency anemia |journal=N Engl J Med |volume=329 |issue=23 |pages=1691-5 |year=1993 |id=PMID 8179652}}</ref> | |||
=== | ====''H. pylori'' testing==== | ||
Direct visualization by [[ | [[Clinical practice guideline]]s by the American Gastroenterological Association state "''[[H. pylori]]'' testing is optimally performed by a <sup>13</sup>C-urea breath test or stool antigen test."<ref name="pmid16285970">{{cite journal |author=Talley NJ |title=American Gastroenterological Association medical position statement: evaluation of dyspepsia |journal=Gastroenterology |volume=129 |issue=5 |pages=1753–5 |year=2005 |pmid=16285970 |doi=10.1053/j.gastro.2005.09.019}} [http://www.ngc.gov/summary/summary.aspx?ss=15&doc_id=8442&nbr=004711 National Guideline Clearinghouse]</ref> | ||
Several studies indicate the need to test dyspeptic patients for ''[[H. pylori]]''.<ref name="pmid16484121">{{cite journal |author=Valle PC, Breckan RK, Amin A, ''et al'' |title="Test, score and scope": a selection strategy for safe reduction of upper gastrointestinal endoscopies in young dyspeptic patients referred from primary care |journal=Scand. J. Gastroenterol. |volume=41 |issue=2 |pages=161–9 |year=2006 |pmid=16484121 |doi=10.1080/00365520500286881}}</ref><ref name="pmid16771937">{{cite journal |author=Jarbol DE, Kragstrup J, Stovring H, Havelund T, Schaffalitzky de Muckadell OB |title=Proton pump inhibitor or testing for Helicobacter pylori as the first step for patients presenting with dyspepsia? A cluster-randomized trial |journal=Am. J. Gastroenterol. |volume=101 |issue=6 |pages=1200–8 |year=2006 |pmid=16771937 |doi=10.1111/j.1572-0241.2006.00673.x}}</ref><ref name="pmid12860586">{{cite journal |author=Arents NL, Thijs JC, van Zwet AA, ''et al'' |title=Approach to treatment of dyspepsia in primary care: a randomized trial comparing "test-and-treat" with prompt endoscopy |journal=Arch. Intern. Med. |volume=163 |issue=13 |pages=1606–12 |year=2003 |pmid=12860586 |doi=10.1001/archinte.163.13.1606}}</ref><ref name="pmid16638253">{{cite journal |author=Shaw IS, Valori RM, Charlett A, McNulty CA |title=Limited impact on endoscopy demand from a primary care based 'test and treat' dyspepsia management strategy: the results of a randomised controlled trial |journal=The British journal of general practice : the journal of the Royal College of General Practitioners |volume=56 |issue=526 |pages=369–74 |year=2006 |pmid=16638253 |doi=}}</ref> One study found that by using "''[[H. pylori]]'' serology and a hemoglobin reading in the evaluation of dyspeptic patients under 45 years of age, the need for endoscopy can be reduced by 55%."<ref name="pmid16484121"/> | |||
A [[randomized controlled trial]] found that among patients without alarm symptoms, the cost of breath testing all patients is offset by the reduction in endoscopy.<ref name="pmid18310262">{{cite journal |author=Delaney BC, Qume M, Moayyedi P, ''et al'' |title=Helicobacter pylori test and treat versus proton pump inhibitor in initial management of dyspepsia in primary care: multicentre randomised controlled trial (MRC-CUBE trial) |journal=BMJ |volume=336 |issue=7645 |pages=651–4 |year=2008 |month=March |pmid=18310262 |doi=10.1136/bmj.39479.640486.AE |url=http://bmj.com/cgi/pmidlookup?view=long&pmid=18310262 |issn=}}</ref> | |||
The accuracy of the breath test for detecting [[peptic ulcer disease]] is:<ref name="pmid9135516">{{cite journal |author=McColl KE, el-Nujumi A, Murray L, ''et al'' |title=The Helicobacter pylori breath test: a surrogate marker for peptic ulcer disease in dyspeptic patients |journal=Gut |volume=40 |issue=3 |pages=302–6 |year=1997 |pmid=9135516 |doi=}}</ref> | |||
* [[sensitivity (tests)|sensitivity]] 93% | |||
* [[specificity (tests)|specificity]] 60% | |||
=====False negative tests===== | |||
Testing should be delayed for 2 weeks after stopping PPI use to avoid false negative breath test or a stool antigen test.<ref name="NICE-CG17"/> | |||
=====Impact of testing===== | |||
In summary, test and treat may reduce symptoms at two months with no improvement at one year. | |||
"While early endoscopy offered some advantages 'Test and treat' was the most cost-effective strategy" according to a [[randomized controlled trial]]. <ref name="pmid18801056">{{cite journal| author=Duggan AE, Elliott CA, Miller P, Hawkey CJ, Logan RF| title=Clinical trial: a randomized trial of early endoscopy, Helicobacter pylori testing and empirical therapy for the management of dyspepsia in primary care. | journal=Aliment Pharmacol Ther | year= 2009 | volume= 29 | issue= 1 | pages= 55-68 | pmid=18801056 | doi=10.1111/j.1365-2036.2008.03852.x | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=18801056 }} </ref> In this trial, the [[relative benefit ratio]] of [[Helicobacter pylori]] serum testing for improvement at 2 months was 1.2 and, the [[relative benefit increase]] was 23.7%. In populations similar to those in this study which had a rate of benefit as measured by the improvement at 2 months of 59% without treatment, the [[number needed to treat]] is 7. <ref name="pmid18801056"/> There were no differences at 12 months. | |||
"Test and treat and acid suppression are equally cost effective in the initial management of dyspepsia" according to a [[randomized controlled trial]]. <ref name="pmid18310262"/> In this trial, the [[relative benefit ratio]] of [[Helicobacter pylori]] breath testing for no dyspepsia at one year was 1.1 and, the [[relative benefit increase]] was 5.9%. In populations similar to those in this study which had a rate of benefit as measured by the no dyspepsia at one year of 17% without treatment, the [[number needed to treat]] is 100. <ref name="pmid18310262"/> | |||
====Other tests==== | |||
Blood tests for [[celiac disease]].<ref name="pmid17235704">{{cite journal |author=Ozaslan E, Akkorlu S, Eskioğlu E, Kayhan B |title=Prevalence of silent celiac disease in patients with dyspepsia |journal=Dig. Dis. Sci. |volume=52 |issue=3 |pages=692–7 |year=2007 |pmid=17235704 |doi=10.1007/s10620-006-9453-1}}</ref> | |||
===Radiology=== | |||
UGI as historic significance as good before EGD.<ref name="pmid3917639">{{cite journal |author= |title=Endoscopy in the evaluation of dyspepsia. Health and Public Policy Committee, American College of Physicians |journal=Ann. Intern. Med. |volume=102 |issue=2 |pages=266–9 |year=1985 |pmid=3917639 |doi=}}</ref> | |||
===Esophagogastroduodenoscopy (EGD)=== | |||
Direct visualization by [[esophagogastroduodenoscopy]](EGD) is very [[sensitivity and specificity|sensitive]] for [[peptic ulcer disease]], but may not detect all possible underlying causes of dyspepsia. For example, [[gastroesophageal reflux disease]] that does not cause macroscopic esophagitis will be missed by esophagogastroduodenoscopy.<ref name="pmid9322676">{{cite journal |author=Tefera L, Fein M, Ritter MP, ''et al'' |title=Can the combination of symptoms and endoscopy confirm the presence of gastroesophageal reflux disease? |journal=The American surgeon |volume=63 |issue=10 |pages=933–6 |year=1997 |pmid=9322676 |doi=}}</ref> | |||
For patients with positive [[Helicobacter pylori]] tests, obtaining endoscopy may be reasonable alternative to empiric antibiotics though less well studied.<ref name="pmid16235292">{{cite journal |author=Delaney B, Ford AC, Forman D, Moayyedi P, Qume M |title=Initial management strategies for dyspepsia |journal=Cochrane database of systematic reviews (Online) |volume= |issue=4 |pages=CD001961 |year=2005 |pmid=16235292 |doi=10.1002/14651858.CD001961.pub2}}</ref><ref name="pmid18801056"/> This strategy allows identification of patients with GERD and also may reduce discontinuing antibiotics due to [[drug-related side effects and adverse reactions]]s.<ref name="pmid10403729">{{cite journal |author=Heaney A, Collins JS, Watson RG, McFarland RJ, Bamford KB, Tham TC |title=A prospective randomised trial of a "test and treat" policy versus endoscopy based management in young Helicobacter pylori positive patients with ulcer-like dyspepsia, referred to a hospital clinic |journal=Gut |volume=45 |issue=2 |pages=186–90 |year=1999 |pmid=10403729 |doi=}}</ref> | |||
For patients with negative [[Helicobacter pylori]] testing, endoscopy is not needed if they are less than 45 years old and without alarm symptoms.<ref name="pmid9895042">{{cite journal |author=Asante MA, Mendall M, Patel P, Ballam L, Northfield TC |title=A randomized trial of endoscopy vs no endoscopy in the management of seronegative Helicobacter pylori dyspepsia |journal=European journal of gastroenterology & hepatology |volume=10 |issue=12 |pages=983–9 |year=1998 |pmid=9895042 |doi=}}</ref> | |||
===Diagnostic strategy=== | |||
Many [[randomized controlled trial]]s have compared empiric treatment (either for H[[elicobacter pylori]] or acid suppression), routine [[Helicobacter pylori]] testing, and routine [[esophagogastroduodenoscopy]] (EGD). These are summarized in a meta-analysis by the Cochrane Collaboration.<ref name="pmid16235292">{{cite journal |author=Delaney B, Ford AC, Forman D, Moayyedi P, Qume M |title=Initial management strategies for dyspepsia |journal=Cochrane database of systematic reviews (Online) |volume= |issue=4 |pages=CD001961 |year=2005 |pmid=16235292 |doi=10.1002/14651858.CD001961.pub2}}</ref> Additional trials have been published since the review by the Cochrane.<ref name="pmid18801056"/><ref name="pmid18310262"/><ref name="pmid16771937">{{cite journal |author=Jarbol DE, Kragstrup J, Stovring H, Havelund T, Schaffalitzky de Muckadell OB |title=Proton pump inhibitor or testing for Helicobacter pylori as the first step for patients presenting with dyspepsia? A cluster-randomized trial |journal=Am. J. Gastroenterol. |volume=101 |issue=6 |pages=1200–8 |year=2006 |pmid=16771937 |doi=10.1111/j.1572-0241.2006.00673.x}}</ref><ref name="pmid12860586">{{cite journal |author=Arents NL, Thijs JC, van Zwet AA, ''et al'' |title=Approach to treatment of dyspepsia in primary care: a randomized trial comparing "test-and-treat" with prompt endoscopy |journal=Arch. Intern. Med. |volume=163 |issue=13 |pages=1606–12 |year=2003 |pmid=12860586 |doi=10.1001/archinte.163.13.1606}}</ref><ref name="pmid16638253">{{cite journal |author=Shaw IS, Valori RM, Charlett A, McNulty CA |title=Limited impact on endoscopy demand from a primary care based 'test and treat' dyspepsia management strategy: the results of a randomised controlled trial |journal=The British journal of general practice : the journal of the Royal College of General Practitioners |volume=56 |issue=526 |pages=369–74 |year=2006 |pmid=16638253 |doi=}}</ref> | |||
==Treatment== | ==Treatment== | ||
[[Clinical practice guideline]]s by the American Gastroenterological Association | [[Clinical practice guideline]]s by the American Gastroenterological Association address treatment.<ref name="pmid16285970"/> | ||
The type of dyspepsia, motility versus acid, may weakly predict which medicine will reduce symptoms.<ref name="pmid9754725">{{cite journal |author=Hansen JM, Bytzer P, Schaffalitzky De Muckadell OB |title=Management of dyspeptic patients in primary care. Value of the unaided clinical diagnosis and of dyspepsia subgrouping |journal=Scand. J. Gastroenterol. |volume=33 |issue=8 |pages=799–805 |year=1998 |pmid=9754725 |doi=}}</ref><ref name="pmid11731396"/> | |||
===Reassurance=== | |||
Regarding the treatment of non-ulcer dyspepsia, the value of simple reassurance is suggested by the response to placebo ranging from 40%<ref name="pmid16495395">{{cite journal |author=Holtmann G, Talley NJ, Liebregts T, Adam B, Parow C |title=A placebo-controlled trial of itopride in functional dyspepsia |journal=N. Engl. J. Med. |volume=354 |issue=8 |pages=832–40 |year=2006 |pmid=16495395 |doi=10.1056/NEJMoa052639}}</ref> to 70%.<ref name="pmid17593161">{{cite journal |author=Leung WK, Wu JC, Chan FK, ''et al'' |title=Initial treatment with lansoprazole in young dyspeptic patients with negative urea breath test result: a randomized controlled trial with 12-month follow-up |journal=Am. J. Gastroenterol. |volume=102 |issue=7 |pages=1483–8 |year=2007 |pmid=17593161 |doi=10.1111/j.1572-0241.2007.01229.x}}</ref> | |||
===Smaller meals=== | |||
===Acid suppression=== | ===Acid suppression=== | ||
A [[meta-analysis]] of [[randomized controlled trials]] by the [[Cochrane Collaboration]] concluded " | A [[meta-analysis]] of [[randomized controlled trials]] by the [[Cochrane Collaboration]] concluded "there is evidence that anti-secretory therapy may be effective in NUD" with a [[number needed to treat]] for PPIs of 10.<ref name="pmid17054151">{{cite journal |author=Moayyedi P, Soo S, Deeks J, Delaney B, Innes M, Forman D |title=Pharmacological interventions for non-ulcer dyspepsia |journal=Cochrane database of systematic reviews (Online) |volume= |issue=4 |pages=CD001960 |year=2006 |pmid=17054151 |doi=10.1002/14651858.CD001960.pub3}}</ref> Subsequent [[randomized controlled trial]]s have had conflicting results reporting both benefit<ref name="pmid16817845">{{cite journal |author=van Zanten SV, Armstrong D, Chiba N, ''et al'' |title=Esomeprazole 40 mg once a day in patients with functional dyspepsia: the randomized, placebo-controlled "ENTER" trial |journal=Am. J. Gastroenterol. |volume=101 |issue=9 |pages=2096–106 |year=2006 |pmid=16817845 |doi=10.1111/j.1572-0241.2006.00751.x}}</ref> and no benefit.<ref name="pmid17593161"/> Stepping up therapy may be better than stepping down therapy.<ref>Effect and cost-effectiveness of step-up versus step-down treatment with antacids, H2-receptor antagonists, and proton pump inhibitors in patients with new onset dyspepsia (DIAMOND study): a primary-care-based randomised controlled trial. Lancet. {{doi|10.1016/S0140-6736(09)60070-2}}</ref> | ||
As needed use of [[histamine H2 antagonist]]s may be effective.<ref name="pmid1502480">{{cite journal| author=Johannessen T, Petersen H, Kristensen P, Fosstvedt D, Kleveland PM, Dybdahl J et al.| title=Cimetidine on-demand in dyspepsia. Experience with randomized controlled single-subject trials. | journal=Scand J Gastroenterol | year= 1992 | volume= 27 | issue= 3 | pages= 189-95 | pmid=1502480 | |||
| url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=clinical.uthscsa.edu/cite&email=badgett@uthscdsa.edu&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=1502480 }} <!--Formatted by http://sumsearch.uthscsa.edu/cite/--></ref> | |||
===Prokinetic drugs=== | ===Prokinetic drugs=== | ||
Prokinetic drugs include | Prokinetic drugs include:<ref name="pmid17845684">{{cite journal |author=Hiyama T, Yoshihara M, Matsuo K, ''et al'' |title=Treatment of functional dyspepsia with serotonin agonists: A meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials |journal=J. Gastroenterol. Hepatol. |volume=22 |issue=10 |pages=1566–70 |year=2007 |pmid=17845684 |doi=10.1111/j.1440-1746.2006.04723.x}}</ref> | ||
* [[5-HT|Serotonin-3]] ([[5-HT]]3) receptor agonists ([[cisapride]], [[mosapride]])<!--<ref name="pmid2072288">{{cite journal |author=Gullikson GW, Loeffler RF, Viriña MA |title=Relationship of serotonin-3 receptor antagonist activity to gastric emptying and motor-stimulating actions of prokinetic drugs in dogs |journal=J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. |volume=258 |issue=1 |pages=103–10 |year=1991 |pmid=2072288 |doi=}}</ref>--> | |||
* [[Dopamine receptor]] antagonists ([[domperidone]], [[metoclopramide]], [[itopride]]) | |||
* Opiate agonists ([[trimebutine]]). [[Trimebutine]] also has antiserotonergic activity. | |||
The [[Cochrane Collaboration]] concluded "trials evaluating prokinetic therapy are difficult to interpret as the...[positive] result could have been due to publication bias.".<ref name="pmid17054151"/> | The [[Cochrane Collaboration]] concluded "trials evaluating prokinetic therapy are difficult to interpret as the...[positive] result could have been due to publication bias.".<ref name="pmid17054151"/> More recently, a [[randomized controlled trial]] of [[itopride]] found that 100 mg three times per day benefited 17% of patients ([[number needed to treat]] is 6).<ref name="pmid16495395"/> | ||
===Tricylic antidepressants=== | |||
A meta-analysis found that patients needed to be treated to improve 1 patient ([[number needed to treat]] is 3).<ref name="pmid11059442">{{cite journal |author=Jackson JL, O'Malley PG, Tomkins G, Balden E, Santoro J, Kroenke K |title=Treatment of functional gastrointestinal disorders with antidepressant medications: a meta-analysis |journal=Am. J. Med. |volume=108 |issue=1 |pages=65–72 |year=2000 |pmid=11059442 |doi=}}</ref> | |||
===Eradication of ''H. pylori''=== | ===Eradication of ''H. pylori''=== | ||
The [[Cochrane Collaboration]] concluded "small but statistically significant effect in H pylori positive non-ulcer dyspepsia. An economic model suggests this modest benefit may still be cost-effective but more research is needed."<ref name="pmid16625554">{{cite journal |author=Moayyedi P, Soo S, Deeks J, ''et al'' |title=Eradication of Helicobacter pylori for non-ulcer dyspepsia |journal=Cochrane database of systematic reviews (Online) |volume= |issue=2 |pages=CD002096 |year=2006 |pmid=16625554 |doi=10.1002/14651858.CD002096.pub4}}</ref> | In order to treat underlying peptic ulcer, [[clinical practice guideline]]s by the American Gastroenterological Association recommend:<ref name="pmid16285970"/> | ||
*"Patients 55 years of age or younger without alarm features should receive ''[[Helicobacter pylori]]'' test and treat followed by acid suppression if symptoms remain" | |||
The [[Cochrane Collaboration]] concluded "small but statistically significant effect in ''[[H. pylori]]'' positive non-ulcer dyspepsia. The [[number needed to treat]] was 14. An economic model suggests this modest benefit may still be cost-effective but more research is needed."<ref name="pmid16625554">{{cite journal |author=Moayyedi P, Soo S, Deeks J, ''et al'' |title=Eradication of Helicobacter pylori for non-ulcer dyspepsia |journal=Cochrane database of systematic reviews (Online) |volume= |issue=2 |pages=CD002096 |year=2006 |pmid=16625554 |doi=10.1002/14651858.CD002096.pub4}}</ref> A more recent randomized controlled trial did not find a difference.<ref name="pmid18310262"/> | |||
The effect of eradication seems related to the presence of gastritis. Patients with antral predominant gastritis are more likely to improve whereas patients with corpus-predominant gastritis are less likely to improve.<ref name="pmid16803603">{{cite journal |author=Vakil N, Talley NJ, Stolte M, Sundin M, Junghard O, Bolling-Sternevald E |title=Patterns of gastritis and the effect of eradicating Helicobacter pylori on gastro-oesophageal reflux disease in Western patients with non-ulcer dyspepsia |journal=Aliment. Pharmacol. Ther. |volume=24 |issue=1 |pages=55–63 |year=2006 |pmid=16803603 |doi=10.1111/j.1365-2036.2006.02964.x}}</ref> This may be due to antral erosions being due to hyperacidity the is corrected by treatment whereas corpus erosions are hypoacidic and treating this may increase the ability of the stomach to produce acid. <ref name="pmid16803603"/> Another study found that patients with gastritis or erosions were less likely to respond<ref name="pmid16416218">{{cite journal |author=Mazzoleni LE, Sander GB, Ott EA, ''et al'' |title=Clinical outcomes of eradication of Helicobacter pylori in nonulcer dyspepsia in a population with a high prevalence of infection: results of a 12-month randomized, double blind, placebo-controlled study |journal=Dig. Dis. Sci. |volume=51 |issue=1 |pages=89–98 |year=2006 |pmid=16416218 |doi=10.1007/s10620-006-3090-6}}</ref>, but this study did not separate patients with antral versus corpus erosions. | |||
===Psychological interventions=== | |||
It is unclear if any form of psychological interventions is beneficial<ref name="pmid14973988">{{cite journal |author=Soo S, Moayyedi P, Deeks J, Delaney B, Lewis M, Forman D |title=Psychological interventions for non-ulcer dyspepsia |journal=Cochrane database of systematic reviews (Online) |volume= |issue=1 |pages=CD002301 |year=2004 |pmid=14973988 |doi=10.1002/14651858.CD002301.pub2}}</ref> | |||
==Prevention== | ==Prevention== | ||
Community screening for ''H. pylori'' may be beneficial.<ref name="pmid16344059">{{cite journal |author=Ford AC, Forman D, Bailey AG, Axon AT, Moayyedi P |title=A community screening program for Helicobacter pylori saves money: 10-year follow-up of a randomized controlled trial |journal=Gastroenterology |volume=129 |issue=6 |pages=1910–7 |year=2005 |pmid=16344059 |doi=10.1053/j.gastro.2005.09.016}}</ref> | ===Users of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory (NSAID) medications=== | ||
Patients with a history of bleeding ulcer have a 26% rate of ulcers with NSAIDs.<ref name="pmid12755551">{{cite journal |author=Spiegel BM, Targownik L, Dulai GS, Gralnek IM |title=The cost-effectiveness of cyclooxygenase-2 selective inhibitors in the management of chronic arthritis |journal=Ann. Intern. Med. |volume=138 |issue=10 |pages=795–806 |year=2003 |pmid=12755551 |doi=}}</ref> Patients with [[H. pylori]] have 2.5 risk of an ulcer on NSAIDs.<ref name="pmid11809181">{{cite journal |author=Huang JQ, Sridhar S, Hunt RH |title=Role of Helicobacter pylori infection and non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs in peptic-ulcer disease: a meta-analysis |journal=Lancet |volume=359 |issue=9300 |pages=14–22 |year=2002 |pmid=11809181 |doi=}}</ref> | |||
For patients starting long-term NSAIDs, screening for [[H. pylori]] with a breath test among patients with prior ulcer or dyspepsia and treating positive patients reduced subsequent rate of ulcers.<ref name="pmid11809180">{{cite journal |author=Chan FK, To KF, Wu JC, ''et al'' |title=Eradication of Helicobacter pylori and risk of peptic ulcers in patients starting long-term treatment with non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs: a randomised trial |journal=Lancet |volume=359 |issue=9300 |pages=9–13 |year=2002 |pmid=11809180 |doi=}}</ref> <ref name="pmid9329511">{{cite journal |author=Chan FK, Sung JJ, Chung SC, ''et al'' |title=Randomised trial of eradication of Helicobacter pylori before non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug therapy to prevent peptic ulcers |journal=Lancet |volume=350 |issue=9083 |pages=975–9 |year=1997 |pmid=9329511 |doi=}}</ref> | |||
For patients who must take NSAIDs, proton pump inhibitors may be effective in preventing dyspepsia.<ref name="pmid16651060">{{cite journal |author=Spiegel BM, Farid M, Dulai GS, Gralnek IM, Kanwal F |title=Comparing rates of dyspepsia with Coxibs vs NSAID+PPI: a meta-analysis |journal=Am. J. Med. |volume=119 |issue=5 |pages=448.e27–36 |year=2006 |pmid=16651060 |doi=10.1016/j.amjmed.2005.11.020}}</ref> | |||
===Asymptomatic adults=== | |||
Community screening for ''[[H. pylori]]'' may be beneficial.<ref name="pmid16344059">{{cite journal |author=Ford AC, Forman D, Bailey AG, Axon AT, Moayyedi P |title=A community screening program for Helicobacter pylori saves money: 10-year follow-up of a randomized controlled trial |journal=Gastroenterology |volume=129 |issue=6 |pages=1910–7 |year=2005 |pmid=16344059 |doi=10.1053/j.gastro.2005.09.016}}</ref> | |||
==References== | ==References== | ||
<references/> | <small> | ||
<references> | |||
</references> | |||
</small> | |||
[[Category: | [[Category:Suggestion Bot Tag]] |
Latest revision as of 08:41, 27 October 2024
Dyspepsia (from the Greek "δυς-" (Dys-), meaning hard or difficult, and "πέψη" (Pepse), meaning digestion) is chronic or recurrent pain or discomfort centered in the upper abdomen [1][2] Discomfort, in this context, includes mild pain, upper abdominal fullness and feeling full earlier than expected with eating. It can be accompanied by bloating, belching, nausea or heartburn. It may be called indigestion. Heartburn is excluded from the definition of dyspesia in ICD 10, as it usually has a different cause and management pathway. When a patient has dyspepsia, but underlying disease is found, the patient is said to have non-ulcer dyspepsia or functional dyspepsia or idopathic dyspepsia.
Classification
Dyspepsia has been proposed to have symptomatic subgroups:[3][4][5]
- ulcerlike - "Pain centered in the upper abdomen is the predominant (most bothersome) symptom."[3]
- dysmotilitylike - "An unpleasant or troublesome non-painful sensation (discomfort) centered in the upper abdomen is the predominant symptom; this sensation may be characterized by or associated with upper abdominal fullness, early satiety, bloating, or nausea."[3]
- refluxlike
- nonspecific
However, there is not a strong correlation of symptom type and measures of abnormal motility or hypersensitivity.[5][6]
A cluster analysis identified 4 groups, the first two are associated with delayed gastric emptying and the second two are associated with gastric hypersensitivity:[7]
- Factor 1 - "characterized by nausea, vomiting, early satiety, and weight loss...associated with delayed emptying...younger age, female sex, and sickness behavior"
- Factor 2 - "characterized by postprandial fullness and bloating...associated with delayed emptying"
- Factor 3 - "characterized by pain symptoms and associated with gastric hypersensitivity and several psychosocial dimensions including medically unexplained symptoms and health-related quality of life dimensions".
- Factor 4 - "characterized by belching, is also associated with hypersensitivity, but is unrelated to psychosocial dimensions."
Cause/etiology
Some cases are caused by medications such as calcium antagonists, nitrates, theophyllines, bisphosphonates, corticosteroids and non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs [NSAIDs]).[2]
Several studies provide prevalences of underlying causes based on findings at esophagogastroduodenoscopy (EGD).[8][5][9][10] [11]
Patients referred to gastroenterologists for dyspesia[5] | Primary care patients with dyspepsia[9] | Volunteers with dyspepsia[8] | Volunteers without dyspepsia[8] | Volunteers without dyspepsia[10] | Referred patients in China[11] | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Normal | ||||||
Macroscopically normal by EGD |
60% | 54% | 73% | 82% | 66% | |
Histologically normal by biopsy at EGD |
35% | |||||
Esophagus | ||||||
Macroscopic esophagitis by EGD |
14% | 12% | 13% | 9% | 22% (included Grades 1 & 2) |
|
Hiatal hernia >2 cm by UGI | 40% | 26% | ||||
Hiatal hernia by EGD | 3% | 3% | ||||
Stomach/duodenum | ||||||
Peptic ulcer disease (PUD) | 20% | 8% | 9% | 4% | 4% | |
Gastritis/duodenitis | 14% | 20% | 5% (erosions required) |
5% (erosions required) |
9-16% | |
Other | ||||||
Malignancy | 3% | 0% | 0.4% | 0.5% | 0% | 4% |
Non-ulcer dyspepsia (NUD)
Rome criteria
Nonulcer dyspepsia exists (functional dyspepsia) when esophagogastroduodenoscopy and other tests have excluded other diseases and the patient has the following Rome II criteria:[3] At least 12 weeks, which need not be consecutive, within the preceding 12 months of:
- Persistent or recurrent dyspepsia (pain or discomfort centered in the upper abdomen); and
- No evidence of organic disease (including at upper endoscopy) that is likely to explain the symptoms; and
- No evidence that dyspepsia is exclusively relieved by defecation or associated with the onset of a change in stool frequency or stool form (i.e., not irritable bowel).
Possible causes of NUD
The implied lack of organic disease may actually be incorrect as there may be physiological abnormalities that are too subtle for commonly used tests. For example, some patients may have gastric motor function or visceral sensitivity.[6][7]
Non-ulcer dyspepsia, when of acute onset, may be due to gastric dysmotor dysfunction following gastrointestinal infections.[12]
H. pylori
The role of H. pylori is not clear.
Association with other diseases
Psychiatric diagnoses
Psychiatric diagnoses are more prevalent among patients with normal endoscopies than abnormal endoscopies.[13]
Irritable bowel
There is much overlap among patients with non-ulcer dyspepsia and irritable bowel syndrome.[14]
Celiac disease
Using historical controls, non-ulcer dyspepsia has been found to associate with celiac disease.[15]
Diagnosis
History and physical examination
The history and physical examination cannot reliably detect when organic disease underlies dypspepsia.[16]
Alarm features or red flags that may indicate serious underlying diseases are:[17]
- Age older than 55 years with new-onset dyspepsia
- Family history of upper gastrointestinal cancer
- Unintended weight loss
- Gastrointestinal bleeding
- Progressive dysphagia
- Odynophagia
- Unexplained iron-deficiency anemia
- Persistent vomiting
- Palpable mass or lymphadenopathy
- Jaundice
Although the value of these findings is hard to establish[18], one study found that the best predictions of abnormal investigations were:[19]
- History of an previous ulcer
- Age 50 or more
- Pain better with food or milk (presumably identifies duodenal pathology)
- Pain occurs < one hour after eating (presumably identifies gastric pathology)
Regarding gastric cancer, helpful findings are anemia and persistence of symptoms.[20]
Identifying a psychiatric disorder may reduce the chance than a serious organic disorder is present.[13]
On physical examination, pallor of conjunctiva, nail-bed or palmar crease, or the absence of nail-bed blanching are predictive of significant anemia (hemoglobin less than 12 gm/dl).[21]
Laboratory tests
Complete blood count
One study found that by using "H. pylori serology and a hemoglobin reading in the evaluation of dyspeptic patients under 45 years of age, the need for endoscopy can be reduced by 55%."[22]
In adults, 60% of patients with iron deficiency anemia may have underlying gastrointestinal disorders leading to chronic blood loss.[23]
H. pylori testing
Clinical practice guidelines by the American Gastroenterological Association state "H. pylori testing is optimally performed by a 13C-urea breath test or stool antigen test."[24]
Several studies indicate the need to test dyspeptic patients for H. pylori.[22][25][26][27] One study found that by using "H. pylori serology and a hemoglobin reading in the evaluation of dyspeptic patients under 45 years of age, the need for endoscopy can be reduced by 55%."[22]
A randomized controlled trial found that among patients without alarm symptoms, the cost of breath testing all patients is offset by the reduction in endoscopy.[28]
The accuracy of the breath test for detecting peptic ulcer disease is:[29]
- sensitivity 93%
- specificity 60%
False negative tests
Testing should be delayed for 2 weeks after stopping PPI use to avoid false negative breath test or a stool antigen test.[2]
Impact of testing
In summary, test and treat may reduce symptoms at two months with no improvement at one year.
"While early endoscopy offered some advantages 'Test and treat' was the most cost-effective strategy" according to a randomized controlled trial. [30] In this trial, the relative benefit ratio of Helicobacter pylori serum testing for improvement at 2 months was 1.2 and, the relative benefit increase was 23.7%. In populations similar to those in this study which had a rate of benefit as measured by the improvement at 2 months of 59% without treatment, the number needed to treat is 7. [30] There were no differences at 12 months.
"Test and treat and acid suppression are equally cost effective in the initial management of dyspepsia" according to a randomized controlled trial. [28] In this trial, the relative benefit ratio of Helicobacter pylori breath testing for no dyspepsia at one year was 1.1 and, the relative benefit increase was 5.9%. In populations similar to those in this study which had a rate of benefit as measured by the no dyspepsia at one year of 17% without treatment, the number needed to treat is 100. [28]
Other tests
Blood tests for celiac disease.[15]
Radiology
UGI as historic significance as good before EGD.[31]
Esophagogastroduodenoscopy (EGD)
Direct visualization by esophagogastroduodenoscopy(EGD) is very sensitive for peptic ulcer disease, but may not detect all possible underlying causes of dyspepsia. For example, gastroesophageal reflux disease that does not cause macroscopic esophagitis will be missed by esophagogastroduodenoscopy.[32]
For patients with positive Helicobacter pylori tests, obtaining endoscopy may be reasonable alternative to empiric antibiotics though less well studied.[33][30] This strategy allows identification of patients with GERD and also may reduce discontinuing antibiotics due to drug-related side effects and adverse reactionss.[34]
For patients with negative Helicobacter pylori testing, endoscopy is not needed if they are less than 45 years old and without alarm symptoms.[35]
Diagnostic strategy
Many randomized controlled trials have compared empiric treatment (either for Helicobacter pylori or acid suppression), routine Helicobacter pylori testing, and routine esophagogastroduodenoscopy (EGD). These are summarized in a meta-analysis by the Cochrane Collaboration.[33] Additional trials have been published since the review by the Cochrane.[30][28][25][26][27]
Treatment
Clinical practice guidelines by the American Gastroenterological Association address treatment.[24]
The type of dyspepsia, motility versus acid, may weakly predict which medicine will reduce symptoms.[36][4]
Reassurance
Regarding the treatment of non-ulcer dyspepsia, the value of simple reassurance is suggested by the response to placebo ranging from 40%[37] to 70%.[38]
Smaller meals
Acid suppression
A meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials by the Cochrane Collaboration concluded "there is evidence that anti-secretory therapy may be effective in NUD" with a number needed to treat for PPIs of 10.[39] Subsequent randomized controlled trials have had conflicting results reporting both benefit[40] and no benefit.[38] Stepping up therapy may be better than stepping down therapy.[41]
As needed use of histamine H2 antagonists may be effective.[42]
Prokinetic drugs
Prokinetic drugs include:[43]
- Serotonin-3 (5-HT3) receptor agonists (cisapride, mosapride)
- Dopamine receptor antagonists (domperidone, metoclopramide, itopride)
- Opiate agonists (trimebutine). Trimebutine also has antiserotonergic activity.
The Cochrane Collaboration concluded "trials evaluating prokinetic therapy are difficult to interpret as the...[positive] result could have been due to publication bias.".[39] More recently, a randomized controlled trial of itopride found that 100 mg three times per day benefited 17% of patients (number needed to treat is 6).[37]
Tricylic antidepressants
A meta-analysis found that patients needed to be treated to improve 1 patient (number needed to treat is 3).[44]
Eradication of H. pylori
In order to treat underlying peptic ulcer, clinical practice guidelines by the American Gastroenterological Association recommend:[24]
- "Patients 55 years of age or younger without alarm features should receive Helicobacter pylori test and treat followed by acid suppression if symptoms remain"
The Cochrane Collaboration concluded "small but statistically significant effect in H. pylori positive non-ulcer dyspepsia. The number needed to treat was 14. An economic model suggests this modest benefit may still be cost-effective but more research is needed."[45] A more recent randomized controlled trial did not find a difference.[28]
The effect of eradication seems related to the presence of gastritis. Patients with antral predominant gastritis are more likely to improve whereas patients with corpus-predominant gastritis are less likely to improve.[46] This may be due to antral erosions being due to hyperacidity the is corrected by treatment whereas corpus erosions are hypoacidic and treating this may increase the ability of the stomach to produce acid. [46] Another study found that patients with gastritis or erosions were less likely to respond[47], but this study did not separate patients with antral versus corpus erosions.
Psychological interventions
It is unclear if any form of psychological interventions is beneficial[48]
Prevention
Users of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory (NSAID) medications
Patients with a history of bleeding ulcer have a 26% rate of ulcers with NSAIDs.[49] Patients with H. pylori have 2.5 risk of an ulcer on NSAIDs.[50]
For patients starting long-term NSAIDs, screening for H. pylori with a breath test among patients with prior ulcer or dyspepsia and treating positive patients reduced subsequent rate of ulcers.[51] [52]
For patients who must take NSAIDs, proton pump inhibitors may be effective in preventing dyspepsia.[53]
Asymptomatic adults
Community screening for H. pylori may be beneficial.[54]
References
- ↑ Talley NJ, Vakil N (2005). "Guidelines for the management of dyspepsia". Am. J. Gastroenterol. 100 (10): 2324–37. DOI:10.1111/j.1572-0241.2005.00225.x. PMID 16181387. Research Blogging.
- ↑ Jump up to: 2.0 2.1 2.2 National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence. 2004. Dyspepsia. August, 2004. http://guidance.nice.org.uk/CG17 (accessed October 12, 2007)
- ↑ Jump up to: 3.0 3.1 3.2 3.3 Talley NJ, Stanghellini V, Heading RC, Koch KL, Malagelada JR, Tytgat GN (1999). "Functional gastroduodenal disorders". Gut 45 Suppl 2: II37–42. PMID 10457043. [e]
- ↑ Jump up to: 4.0 4.1 Talley NJ, Phung N, Kalantar JS (2001). "ABC of the upper gastrointestingal tract: Indigestion: When is it functional?". BMJ 323 (7324): 1294–7. PMID 11731396. [e]
- ↑ Jump up to: 5.0 5.1 5.2 5.3 Talley NJ, Weaver AL, Tesmer DL, Zinsmeister AR (1993). "Lack of discriminant value of dyspepsia subgroups in patients referred for upper endoscopy". Gastroenterology 105 (5): 1378–86. DOI:0.1136/bmj.323.7324.1294. PMID 8224642. Research Blogging.
- ↑ Jump up to: 6.0 6.1 Karamanolis G, Caenepeel P, Arts J, Tack J (2006). "Association of the predominant symptom with clinical characteristics and pathophysiological mechanisms in functional dyspepsia". Gastroenterology 130 (2): 296–303. DOI:10.1053/j.gastro.2005.10.019. PMID 16472585. Research Blogging.
- ↑ Jump up to: 7.0 7.1 Fischler B, Tack J, De Gucht V, et al (2003). "Heterogeneity of symptom pattern, psychosocial factors, and pathophysiological mechanisms in severe functional dyspepsia". Gastroenterology 124 (4): 903–10. DOI:10.1053/gast.2003.50155. PMID 12671886. Research Blogging.
- ↑ Jump up to: 8.0 8.1 8.2 Zagari RM, Law GR, Fuccio L, Pozzato P, Forman D, Bazzoli F (2010). "Dyspeptic symptoms and endoscopic findings in the community: the Loiano-Monghidoro study.". Am J Gastroenterol 105 (3): 565-71. DOI:10.1038/ajg.2009.706. PMID 20010920. Research Blogging.
- ↑ Jump up to: 9.0 9.1 Williams B, Luckas M, Ellingham JH, Dain A, Wicks AC (1988). "Do young patients with dyspepsia need investigation?". Lancet 2 (8624): 1349–51. PMID 2904061. [e]
- ↑ Jump up to: 10.0 10.1 Johnsen R, Bernersen B, Straume B, Førde OH, Bostad L, Burhol PG (1991). "Prevalences of endoscopic and histological findings in subjects with and without dyspepsia". BMJ 302 (6779): 749–52. PMID 2021764. [e] Fulltext
- ↑ Jump up to: 11.0 11.1 Bai Y, Li ZS, Zou DW, Wu RP, Yao YZ, Jin ZD et al. (2010). "Alarm features and age for predicting upper gastrointestinal malignancy in Chinese patients with dyspepsia with high background prevalence of Helicobacter pylori infection and upper gastrointestinal malignancy: an endoscopic database review of 102,665 patients from 1996 to 2006.". Gut 59 (6): 722-8. DOI:10.1136/gut.2009.192401. PMID 20551455. Research Blogging.
- ↑ Tack J, Demedts I, Dehondt G, et al (2002). "Clinical and pathophysiological characteristics of acute-onset functional dyspepsia". Gastroenterology 122 (7): 1738–47. PMID 12055579. [e]
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- ↑ Effect and cost-effectiveness of step-up versus step-down treatment with antacids, H2-receptor antagonists, and proton pump inhibitors in patients with new onset dyspepsia (DIAMOND study): a primary-care-based randomised controlled trial. Lancet. DOI:10.1016/S0140-6736(09)60070-2
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