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| In [[linguistics]], '''syntax'''<ref>From the [[Greek language|Greek]] συν (''syn'', meaning 'co-' or 'together') and τάξις (''táxis'', meaning 'sequence, order, arrangement').</ref> is the study of the rules, or 'patterned relations' that govern the way words combine to form phrases and phrases to form sentences. The combinatory behaviour of words is governed to a first approximation by their [[part of speech]] ([[noun]], [[adjective]], [[verb]], etc., a categorization that goes back in the Western tradition to the Greek grammarian [[Dionysios Thrax]]). Modern research into natural language syntax attempts to systematize descriptive grammar and, for many practitioners, to find general laws that govern the syntax of all languages. It is unconcerned with prescriptive grammar (see [[Prescription and description]]).
| | [[Image:Linguistics-illustration-determinerphrase.gif|right|250px|thumb|{{#ifexist:Template:Linguistics-illustration-determinerphrase.gif/credit|{{Linguistics-illustration-determinerphrase.gif/credit}}<br/>|}}Levels of linguistic knowledge involved in producing 'the cats': these two [[word]]s form a single unit, a ''determiner phrase''.]] |
| | | '''Syntax''' in [[linguistics]] is the study of how abstract units of [[language]] such as [[word]]s acceptably combine into larger [[grammar|grammatical]] structures such as phrases and [[sentence (linguistics)|sentences]]. Syntacticians attempt to define rules which describe the formation such structures and disallow others, either in the grammar of a specific language, or in all languages. Since the publication of [[Noam Chomsky]]'s book ''Syntactic Structures'' in 1957, much research on syntax in the modern discipline of linguistics has been within the frameworks of [[generative linguistics]] theories such as [[minimalist syntax]], or has emerged in competition to those theories. |
| There are many theories of ''formal syntax'' — theories that have in time risen or fallen in influence. Most theories of syntax share at least two commonalities. First, they hierarchically group subunits into constituent units (phrases). Second, they provide some system of rules to explain patterns of acceptability/grammaticality and unacceptability/ungrammaticality. Most formal theories of syntax offer explanations of the systematic relationships between syntactic form and [[semantic]] meaning. Syntax is defined, within the study of [[sign|signs]], as the first of its three subfields (the study of the interrelation of the signs). The second subfield is [[semantics]] (the study of the relation between the signs and the objects to which they apply), and the third is [[pragmatics]] (the relationship between the sign system and the user).
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| In the framework of [[transformational-generative grammar]] (of which ''[[Government and binding|Government and Binding Theory]]'' and ''Minimalism'' are recent developments), the structure of a [[Sentence (linguistics)|sentence]] is represented by ''phrase structure trees'', otherwise known as ''phrase markers'' or ''tree diagrams''. Such trees provide information about the sentences they represent by showinging the hierachical relations between their component parts.
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| There are various theories as to how best to make grammars such that by systematic application of the rules, one can arrive at every phrase marker in a language (and hence every sentence in the language). The most common are [[Phrase structure grammar]]s and [[ID/LP grammar]]s, the latter having a slight explanatory advantage over the former.<ref>citation needed</ref> [[Dependency grammar]] is a class of syntactic theories separate from generative grammar in which structure is determined by the relation between a word (a head) and its dependents. One difference from phrase structure grammar is that dependency grammar does not have phrasal categories. [[Algebraic syntax]] is a type of dependency grammar.
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| A modern approach to combining accurate descriptions of the grammatical patterns of
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| language with their function in context is that of [[systemic functional grammar]], an approach originally developed by Michael A.K. Halliday in the 1960s and now pursued actively on all continents. Systemic-functional grammar is related both to feature-based approaches such as Head-driven phrase structure grammar and to the older functional traditions of European schools of linguistics such as British Contextualism and the Prague School. | |
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| [[Tree adjoining grammar]] is a grammar formalism with interesting mathematical properties which has sometimes been used as the basis for the syntactic description of natural language. In monotonic and monostratal frameworks, variants of [[unification grammar]] are often preferred formalisms.
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| ==''Syntax'' in computer science==
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| Another, though related, meaning of the term '''syntax''' has been evolved in the field of [[computer science]], especially in the subfield of [[programming languages]], where the set of allowed [[reserved word]]s and possible [[token_(parser)|token]] order in a [[program]] is called the syntax of a language.
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| The syntax of computer languages is often at level-2 (ie, a [[context-free grammar]]) in the [[Chomsky hierarchy]]. As such the possible ordering of tokens is usually very restricted. The analysis of a program's syntax is usually performed using an automatically generated program known as a [[parser]] which often builds an [[abstract syntax tree]].
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| ==Footnotes== | | ==Footnotes== |
| <div class="references-2column">
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| <references/>
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| </div>
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| ==See also== | | ==See also== |
| * [[Grammar]] | | *[[Generative linguistics]] |
| * [[Linguistics]] | | *[[Noam Chomsky]] |
| | | *[[Theoretical linguistics]] |
| | | *[[Linguistics]] |
| ==External links==
| | *[[Grammar]] |
| * [http://www.allsyntax.com AllSyntax.com Programming Languages] | |
| * [http://www.ling.upenn.edu/~beatrice/syntax-textbook The syntax of natural language: | |
| An online introduction using the Trees program] by Beatrice Santorini & Anthony Kroch, University of Pennsylvania.
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| [[Category:Linguistics]] | | [[Category:Suggestion Bot Tag]] |
| [[Category:Linguistics Workgroup]]
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| [[Category:Computers Workgroup]]
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