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Under French colonial rule, a number of nationalist parties developed, such as the
'''Viet Nam Quoc Dan Dang (VNQDD''', or, in English, '''Vietnamese Nationalist Party'''. Founded on Christmas 1927 by a teacher, Nguyen Thai Hoc,<ref name=VNQDDhist>{{citation
 | url = http://www.vietquoc.com/history.htm
 | title = Viet Quoc: the History
 | journal = Viet Quoc Homepage}}</ref> the party was revolutionary and quite willing to resort to violence to eject the French. For context, the [[Indochinese Communist Party]] (ICP) was formed in 1930. These two parties became the main anti-French parties before WWII. "Each played a role in the Vietnamese resistance against the Vichy French and the Japanese during World War II: the ICP as the nucleus of the Viet Minh, and the VNQDD as the principal component of the Chinese Nationalist-sponsored Dong Minh -Hoi." <ref name=PntI-4>{{citation
 | title= The Pentagon Papers, Gravel Edition
 | contribution = Chapter I, "Background to the Crisis, 1940-50", Section 4
 | url = http://faculty.ed.umuc.edu/~nstanton/pent4.html}}</ref> 

The VNQDD drew inspiration and some financial support from the Chinese Nationalist Party ([[Kuomintang]]). It had opened the Vietnam Hotel in Hanoi, which it opened in 1928, as the party headquarters and a source of funds. Unfortunately for the VNQDD, however, French intelligence easily penetrated it. <ref name=Cima18>{{citation
 | editor=Cima, Ronald J.
 | chapter = Ho Chi Minh and the Communist Movement
 | title = Vietnam: A Country Study
 | publisher = Library of Congress | year = 1987
 | url =Ho Chi Minh and the Communist Movement}}</ref>  

Before WWII, the VNQDD attempted, without success, to form a united front with [[Thanh Nien]] and other independence organizations.  Eventually, it joined a broad front, which the Communists eventually controlled and purged the VNQDD.