https://citizendium.org/wiki/index.php?title=North_American_Air_Defense_Command&feed=atom&action=historyNorth American Air Defense Command - Revision history2024-03-29T12:53:29ZRevision history for this page on the wikiMediaWiki 1.39.5https://citizendium.org/wiki/index.php?title=North_American_Air_Defense_Command&diff=940384&oldid=prevJohn Leach: Text replacement - "admiral" to "admiral"2024-03-17T22:29:05Z<p>Text replacement - "<a href="/wiki/Admiral" title="Admiral">admiral</a>" to "admiral"</p>
<table style="background-color: #fff; color: #202122;" data-mw="interface">
<col class="diff-marker" />
<col class="diff-content" />
<col class="diff-marker" />
<col class="diff-content" />
<tr class="diff-title" lang="en">
<td colspan="2" style="background-color: #fff; color: #202122; text-align: center;">← Older revision</td>
<td colspan="2" style="background-color: #fff; color: #202122; text-align: center;">Revision as of 17:29, 17 March 2024</td>
</tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno" id="mw-diff-left-l6">Line 6:</td>
<td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno">Line 6:</td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div> | title = About NORAD}}</ref></div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div> | title = About NORAD}}</ref></div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>The commanding officer of NORAD is a U.S. general or <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">[[</del>admiral<del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">]] </del>who is also the head of [[United States Northern Command]]. The deputy commander is a Canadian flag officer.</div></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>The commanding officer of NORAD is a U.S. general or admiral who is also the head of [[United States Northern Command]]. The deputy commander is a Canadian flag officer.</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>With the advent of submarine-launched [[cruise missile|cruise]] and [[submarine-launched ballistic missile|ballistic missiles]], the alliance extended along the coasts as well as far north, with maritime patrol aircraft, of both the U.S. and Canada, flying from [[Newfoundland]] and [[Alaska (U.S. state)|Alaska]]. </div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>With the advent of submarine-launched [[cruise missile|cruise]] and [[submarine-launched ballistic missile|ballistic missiles]], the alliance extended along the coasts as well as far north, with maritime patrol aircraft, of both the U.S. and Canada, flying from [[Newfoundland]] and [[Alaska (U.S. state)|Alaska]]. </div></td></tr>
</table>John Leachhttps://citizendium.org/wiki/index.php?title=North_American_Air_Defense_Command&diff=940240&oldid=prevJohn Leach: Text replacement - "general" to "general"2024-03-17T21:57:56Z<p>Text replacement - "<a href="/wiki/General" title="General">general</a>" to "general"</p>
<table style="background-color: #fff; color: #202122;" data-mw="interface">
<col class="diff-marker" />
<col class="diff-content" />
<col class="diff-marker" />
<col class="diff-content" />
<tr class="diff-title" lang="en">
<td colspan="2" style="background-color: #fff; color: #202122; text-align: center;">← Older revision</td>
<td colspan="2" style="background-color: #fff; color: #202122; text-align: center;">Revision as of 16:57, 17 March 2024</td>
</tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno" id="mw-diff-left-l6">Line 6:</td>
<td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno">Line 6:</td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div> | title = About NORAD}}</ref></div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div> | title = About NORAD}}</ref></div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>The commanding officer of NORAD is a U.S. <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">[[</del>general<del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">]] </del>or [[admiral]] who is also the head of [[United States Northern Command]]. The deputy commander is a Canadian flag officer.</div></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>The commanding officer of NORAD is a U.S. general or [[admiral]] who is also the head of [[United States Northern Command]]. The deputy commander is a Canadian flag officer.</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>With the advent of submarine-launched [[cruise missile|cruise]] and [[submarine-launched ballistic missile|ballistic missiles]], the alliance extended along the coasts as well as far north, with maritime patrol aircraft, of both the U.S. and Canada, flying from [[Newfoundland]] and [[Alaska (U.S. state)|Alaska]]. </div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>With the advent of submarine-launched [[cruise missile|cruise]] and [[submarine-launched ballistic missile|ballistic missiles]], the alliance extended along the coasts as well as far north, with maritime patrol aircraft, of both the U.S. and Canada, flying from [[Newfoundland]] and [[Alaska (U.S. state)|Alaska]]. </div></td></tr>
</table>John Leachhttps://citizendium.org/wiki/index.php?title=North_American_Air_Defense_Command&diff=921566&oldid=prevJohn Leach: Text replacement - "he 9/11" to "he 9/11 attack"2024-02-23T13:41:16Z<p>Text replacement - "he <a href="/wiki/9/11" class="mw-redirect" title="9/11">9/11</a>" to "he <a href="/wiki/9/11" class="mw-redirect" title="9/11">9/11</a> attack"</p>
<table style="background-color: #fff; color: #202122;" data-mw="interface">
<col class="diff-marker" />
<col class="diff-content" />
<col class="diff-marker" />
<col class="diff-content" />
<tr class="diff-title" lang="en">
<td colspan="2" style="background-color: #fff; color: #202122; text-align: center;">← Older revision</td>
<td colspan="2" style="background-color: #fff; color: #202122; text-align: center;">Revision as of 08:41, 23 February 2024</td>
</tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno" id="mw-diff-left-l10">Line 10:</td>
<td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno">Line 10:</td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>With the advent of submarine-launched [[cruise missile|cruise]] and [[submarine-launched ballistic missile|ballistic missiles]], the alliance extended along the coasts as well as far north, with maritime patrol aircraft, of both the U.S. and Canada, flying from [[Newfoundland]] and [[Alaska (U.S. state)|Alaska]]. </div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>With the advent of submarine-launched [[cruise missile|cruise]] and [[submarine-launched ballistic missile|ballistic missiles]], the alliance extended along the coasts as well as far north, with maritime patrol aircraft, of both the U.S. and Canada, flying from [[Newfoundland]] and [[Alaska (U.S. state)|Alaska]]. </div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>==Context of 9/11 attacks==</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>==Context of 9/11 attacks==</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>After bomber attack on the interior of the both countries became much less likely, IADS facilities not on the coasts or northern frontier were cut back, saving funds. Had the [[9/11]] taken place decades earlier, there would have been interior [[radar]]s, fighters, and antiaircraft weapons to intervene over internal regions, but the available fighters had to fly inland, from bases far from the eventual targets.</div></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>After bomber attack on the interior of the both countries became much less likely, IADS facilities not on the coasts or northern frontier were cut back, saving funds. Had the [[9/11]] <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">attack </ins>taken place decades earlier, there would have been interior [[radar]]s, fighters, and antiaircraft weapons to intervene over internal regions, but the available fighters had to fly inland, from bases far from the eventual targets.</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>[[Image:F-16 ANG SanFran large.jpg|thumb|Air National Guard F-16 on urban patrol]]</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>[[Image:F-16 ANG SanFran large.jpg|thumb|Air National Guard F-16 on urban patrol]]</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>As far as known, the only deployed [[surface-to-air missile]]s in North America is a U.S. Army [[air defense artillery#Low altitude air defense|Air Defense Artillery]] battery in the Washington, D.C. metropolitan area. At random intervals, or during large public events, fighters will patrol over several metropolitan areas, but the reality is that there is no strong air defense inside the borders of North America. Even if the fighters were available, there is no large-scale fighter control radar system; the air traffic control system is called "radar", but relies principally on [[transponder]]s to track and identify aircraft. Air traffic control radar, as opposed to a military air search radar such as the [[AN-|AN/]][[MPQ-64]], is not capable of accurately tracking a noncooperating target simply by its radar reflection. Without a transponder signal, one airliner looks like another; positive identification comes only from a fighter close enough for visual inspection, including reading the aircraft number painted on the tail.</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>As far as known, the only deployed [[surface-to-air missile]]s in North America is a U.S. Army [[air defense artillery#Low altitude air defense|Air Defense Artillery]] battery in the Washington, D.C. metropolitan area. At random intervals, or during large public events, fighters will patrol over several metropolitan areas, but the reality is that there is no strong air defense inside the borders of North America. Even if the fighters were available, there is no large-scale fighter control radar system; the air traffic control system is called "radar", but relies principally on [[transponder]]s to track and identify aircraft. Air traffic control radar, as opposed to a military air search radar such as the [[AN-|AN/]][[MPQ-64]], is not capable of accurately tracking a noncooperating target simply by its radar reflection. Without a transponder signal, one airliner looks like another; positive identification comes only from a fighter close enough for visual inspection, including reading the aircraft number painted on the tail.</div></td></tr>
</table>John Leachhttps://citizendium.org/wiki/index.php?title=North_American_Air_Defense_Command&diff=921081&oldid=prevJohn Leach: Text replacement - "9/11 Attack" to "9/11"2024-02-23T13:06:38Z<p>Text replacement - "9/11 Attack" to "9/11"</p>
<table style="background-color: #fff; color: #202122;" data-mw="interface">
<col class="diff-marker" />
<col class="diff-content" />
<col class="diff-marker" />
<col class="diff-content" />
<tr class="diff-title" lang="en">
<td colspan="2" style="background-color: #fff; color: #202122; text-align: center;">← Older revision</td>
<td colspan="2" style="background-color: #fff; color: #202122; text-align: center;">Revision as of 08:06, 23 February 2024</td>
</tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno" id="mw-diff-left-l10">Line 10:</td>
<td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno">Line 10:</td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>With the advent of submarine-launched [[cruise missile|cruise]] and [[submarine-launched ballistic missile|ballistic missiles]], the alliance extended along the coasts as well as far north, with maritime patrol aircraft, of both the U.S. and Canada, flying from [[Newfoundland]] and [[Alaska (U.S. state)|Alaska]]. </div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>With the advent of submarine-launched [[cruise missile|cruise]] and [[submarine-launched ballistic missile|ballistic missiles]], the alliance extended along the coasts as well as far north, with maritime patrol aircraft, of both the U.S. and Canada, flying from [[Newfoundland]] and [[Alaska (U.S. state)|Alaska]]. </div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>==Context of 9/11 attacks==</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>==Context of 9/11 attacks==</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>After bomber attack on the interior of the both countries became much less likely, IADS facilities not on the coasts or northern frontier were cut back, saving funds. Had the [[9/11 <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Attack</del>]] taken place decades earlier, there would have been interior [[radar]]s, fighters, and antiaircraft weapons to intervene over internal regions, but the available fighters had to fly inland, from bases far from the eventual targets.</div></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>After bomber attack on the interior of the both countries became much less likely, IADS facilities not on the coasts or northern frontier were cut back, saving funds. Had the [[9/11]] taken place decades earlier, there would have been interior [[radar]]s, fighters, and antiaircraft weapons to intervene over internal regions, but the available fighters had to fly inland, from bases far from the eventual targets.</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>[[Image:F-16 ANG SanFran large.jpg|thumb|Air National Guard F-16 on urban patrol]]</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>[[Image:F-16 ANG SanFran large.jpg|thumb|Air National Guard F-16 on urban patrol]]</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>As far as known, the only deployed [[surface-to-air missile]]s in North America is a U.S. Army [[air defense artillery#Low altitude air defense|Air Defense Artillery]] battery in the Washington, D.C. metropolitan area. At random intervals, or during large public events, fighters will patrol over several metropolitan areas, but the reality is that there is no strong air defense inside the borders of North America. Even if the fighters were available, there is no large-scale fighter control radar system; the air traffic control system is called "radar", but relies principally on [[transponder]]s to track and identify aircraft. Air traffic control radar, as opposed to a military air search radar such as the [[AN-|AN/]][[MPQ-64]], is not capable of accurately tracking a noncooperating target simply by its radar reflection. Without a transponder signal, one airliner looks like another; positive identification comes only from a fighter close enough for visual inspection, including reading the aircraft number painted on the tail.</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>As far as known, the only deployed [[surface-to-air missile]]s in North America is a U.S. Army [[air defense artillery#Low altitude air defense|Air Defense Artillery]] battery in the Washington, D.C. metropolitan area. At random intervals, or during large public events, fighters will patrol over several metropolitan areas, but the reality is that there is no strong air defense inside the borders of North America. Even if the fighters were available, there is no large-scale fighter control radar system; the air traffic control system is called "radar", but relies principally on [[transponder]]s to track and identify aircraft. Air traffic control radar, as opposed to a military air search radar such as the [[AN-|AN/]][[MPQ-64]], is not capable of accurately tracking a noncooperating target simply by its radar reflection. Without a transponder signal, one airliner looks like another; positive identification comes only from a fighter close enough for visual inspection, including reading the aircraft number painted on the tail.</div></td></tr>
</table>John Leachhttps://citizendium.org/wiki/index.php?title=North_American_Air_Defense_Command&diff=920982&oldid=prevJohn Leach: Text replacement - "9-11 Attack" to "9/11 Attack"2024-02-23T13:06:01Z<p>Text replacement - "9-11 Attack" to "9/11 Attack"</p>
<table style="background-color: #fff; color: #202122;" data-mw="interface">
<col class="diff-marker" />
<col class="diff-content" />
<col class="diff-marker" />
<col class="diff-content" />
<tr class="diff-title" lang="en">
<td colspan="2" style="background-color: #fff; color: #202122; text-align: center;">← Older revision</td>
<td colspan="2" style="background-color: #fff; color: #202122; text-align: center;">Revision as of 08:06, 23 February 2024</td>
</tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno" id="mw-diff-left-l10">Line 10:</td>
<td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno">Line 10:</td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>With the advent of submarine-launched [[cruise missile|cruise]] and [[submarine-launched ballistic missile|ballistic missiles]], the alliance extended along the coasts as well as far north, with maritime patrol aircraft, of both the U.S. and Canada, flying from [[Newfoundland]] and [[Alaska (U.S. state)|Alaska]]. </div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>With the advent of submarine-launched [[cruise missile|cruise]] and [[submarine-launched ballistic missile|ballistic missiles]], the alliance extended along the coasts as well as far north, with maritime patrol aircraft, of both the U.S. and Canada, flying from [[Newfoundland]] and [[Alaska (U.S. state)|Alaska]]. </div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>==Context of 9/11 attacks==</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>==Context of 9/11 attacks==</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>After bomber attack on the interior of the both countries became much less likely, IADS facilities not on the coasts or northern frontier were cut back, saving funds. Had the [[9<del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">-</del>11 Attack]] taken place decades earlier, there would have been interior [[radar]]s, fighters, and antiaircraft weapons to intervene over internal regions, but the available fighters had to fly inland, from bases far from the eventual targets.</div></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>After bomber attack on the interior of the both countries became much less likely, IADS facilities not on the coasts or northern frontier were cut back, saving funds. Had the [[9<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">/</ins>11 Attack]] taken place decades earlier, there would have been interior [[radar]]s, fighters, and antiaircraft weapons to intervene over internal regions, but the available fighters had to fly inland, from bases far from the eventual targets.</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>[[Image:F-16 ANG SanFran large.jpg|thumb|Air National Guard F-16 on urban patrol]]</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>[[Image:F-16 ANG SanFran large.jpg|thumb|Air National Guard F-16 on urban patrol]]</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>As far as known, the only deployed [[surface-to-air missile]]s in North America is a U.S. Army [[air defense artillery#Low altitude air defense|Air Defense Artillery]] battery in the Washington, D.C. metropolitan area. At random intervals, or during large public events, fighters will patrol over several metropolitan areas, but the reality is that there is no strong air defense inside the borders of North America. Even if the fighters were available, there is no large-scale fighter control radar system; the air traffic control system is called "radar", but relies principally on [[transponder]]s to track and identify aircraft. Air traffic control radar, as opposed to a military air search radar such as the [[AN-|AN/]][[MPQ-64]], is not capable of accurately tracking a noncooperating target simply by its radar reflection. Without a transponder signal, one airliner looks like another; positive identification comes only from a fighter close enough for visual inspection, including reading the aircraft number painted on the tail.</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>As far as known, the only deployed [[surface-to-air missile]]s in North America is a U.S. Army [[air defense artillery#Low altitude air defense|Air Defense Artillery]] battery in the Washington, D.C. metropolitan area. At random intervals, or during large public events, fighters will patrol over several metropolitan areas, but the reality is that there is no strong air defense inside the borders of North America. Even if the fighters were available, there is no large-scale fighter control radar system; the air traffic control system is called "radar", but relies principally on [[transponder]]s to track and identify aircraft. Air traffic control radar, as opposed to a military air search radar such as the [[AN-|AN/]][[MPQ-64]], is not capable of accurately tracking a noncooperating target simply by its radar reflection. Without a transponder signal, one airliner looks like another; positive identification comes only from a fighter close enough for visual inspection, including reading the aircraft number painted on the tail.</div></td></tr>
</table>John Leachhttps://citizendium.org/wiki/index.php?title=North_American_Air_Defense_Command&diff=878702&oldid=prevPat Palmer: Text replacement - "Alaska" to "Alaska"2023-02-01T15:12:34Z<p>Text replacement - "<a href="/wiki/Alaska" class="mw-redirect" title="Alaska">Alaska</a>" to "<a href="/wiki/Alaska_(U.S._state)" title="Alaska (U.S. state)">Alaska</a>"</p>
<table style="background-color: #fff; color: #202122;" data-mw="interface">
<col class="diff-marker" />
<col class="diff-content" />
<col class="diff-marker" />
<col class="diff-content" />
<tr class="diff-title" lang="en">
<td colspan="2" style="background-color: #fff; color: #202122; text-align: center;">← Older revision</td>
<td colspan="2" style="background-color: #fff; color: #202122; text-align: center;">Revision as of 10:12, 1 February 2023</td>
</tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno" id="mw-diff-left-l8">Line 8:</td>
<td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno">Line 8:</td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>The commanding officer of NORAD is a U.S. [[general]] or [[admiral]] who is also the head of [[United States Northern Command]]. The deputy commander is a Canadian flag officer.</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>The commanding officer of NORAD is a U.S. [[general]] or [[admiral]] who is also the head of [[United States Northern Command]]. The deputy commander is a Canadian flag officer.</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>With the advent of submarine-launched [[cruise missile|cruise]] and [[submarine-launched ballistic missile|ballistic missiles]], the alliance extended along the coasts as well as far north, with maritime patrol aircraft, of both the U.S. and Canada, flying from [[Newfoundland]] and [[Alaska]]. </div></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>With the advent of submarine-launched [[cruise missile|cruise]] and [[submarine-launched ballistic missile|ballistic missiles]], the alliance extended along the coasts as well as far north, with maritime patrol aircraft, of both the U.S. and Canada, flying from [[Newfoundland]] and [[<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Alaska (U.S. state)|</ins>Alaska]]. </div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>==Context of 9/11 attacks==</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>==Context of 9/11 attacks==</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>After bomber attack on the interior of the both countries became much less likely, IADS facilities not on the coasts or northern frontier were cut back, saving funds. Had the [[9-11 Attack]] taken place decades earlier, there would have been interior [[radar]]s, fighters, and antiaircraft weapons to intervene over internal regions, but the available fighters had to fly inland, from bases far from the eventual targets.</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>After bomber attack on the interior of the both countries became much less likely, IADS facilities not on the coasts or northern frontier were cut back, saving funds. Had the [[9-11 Attack]] taken place decades earlier, there would have been interior [[radar]]s, fighters, and antiaircraft weapons to intervene over internal regions, but the available fighters had to fly inland, from bases far from the eventual targets.</div></td></tr>
</table>Pat Palmerhttps://citizendium.org/wiki/index.php?title=North_American_Air_Defense_Command&diff=523713&oldid=previmported>Howard C. Berkowitz at 09:58, 21 January 20102010-01-21T09:58:45Z<p></p>
<table style="background-color: #fff; color: #202122;" data-mw="interface">
<col class="diff-marker" />
<col class="diff-content" />
<col class="diff-marker" />
<col class="diff-content" />
<tr class="diff-title" lang="en">
<td colspan="2" style="background-color: #fff; color: #202122; text-align: center;">← Older revision</td>
<td colspan="2" style="background-color: #fff; color: #202122; text-align: center;">Revision as of 04:58, 21 January 2010</td>
</tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno" id="mw-diff-left-l1">Line 1:</td>
<td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno">Line 1:</td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>{{subpages}}</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>{{subpages}}</div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-side-deleted"></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">{{TOC|right}}</ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>A joint U.S.-Canada organization, the '''North American Air Defense Command (NORAD)''' is responsible for the aerospace defense of North America. It was formed during the chilliest days of the Cold War, when the main Soviet threat would be coming across the Arctic; the geometry meant that the forward early warning systems needed primarily to be in Canada, and that whether or not a bomber was threatening Vancouver or Seattle, the first line of defense would be in Canadian airspace. When the threats and technologies of the day made area and point defense, using [[surface-to-air missile]]s and [[anti-aircraft artillery]], NORAD coordinated their efforts and fed intelligence to them. Essentially, NORAD ran the [[integrated air defense system]] (IADS) for North America.<ref name=About>{{citation</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>A joint U.S.-Canada organization, the '''North American Air Defense Command (NORAD)''' is responsible for the aerospace defense of North America. It was formed during the chilliest days of the Cold War, when the main Soviet threat would be coming across the Arctic; the geometry meant that the forward early warning systems needed primarily to be in Canada, and that whether or not a bomber was threatening Vancouver or Seattle, the first line of defense would be in Canadian airspace. When the threats and technologies of the day made area and point defense, using [[surface-to-air missile]]s and [[anti-aircraft artillery]], NORAD coordinated their efforts and fed intelligence to them. Essentially, NORAD ran the [[integrated air defense system]] (IADS) for North America.<ref name=About>{{citation</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div> | url = http://www.norad.mil/about/history.html</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div> | url = http://www.norad.mil/about/history.html</div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno" id="mw-diff-left-l9">Line 9:</td>
<td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno">Line 10:</td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>With the advent of submarine-launched [[cruise missile|cruise]] and [[submarine-launched ballistic missile|ballistic missiles]], the alliance extended along the coasts as well as far north, with maritime patrol aircraft, of both the U.S. and Canada, flying from [[Newfoundland]] and [[Alaska]]. </div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>With the advent of submarine-launched [[cruise missile|cruise]] and [[submarine-launched ballistic missile|ballistic missiles]], the alliance extended along the coasts as well as far north, with maritime patrol aircraft, of both the U.S. and Canada, flying from [[Newfoundland]] and [[Alaska]]. </div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>==Context of 9/11 attacks==</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>==Context of 9/11 attacks==</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>After bomber attack on the interior of the both countries became much less likely, IADS facilities not on the coasts or northern frontier were cut back, saving funds. Had the [[9-11 <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">attacks</del>]] taken place decades earlier, there would have been interior [[radar]]s, fighters, and antiaircraft weapons to intervene over internal regions, but the available fighters had to fly inland, from bases far from the eventual targets.</div></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>After bomber attack on the interior of the both countries became much less likely, IADS facilities not on the coasts or northern frontier were cut back, saving funds. Had the [[9-11 <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Attack</ins>]] taken place decades earlier, there would have been interior [[radar]]s, fighters, and antiaircraft weapons to intervene over internal regions, but the available fighters had to fly inland, from bases far from the eventual targets.</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>[[Image:F-16 ANG SanFran large.jpg|thumb|Air National Guard F-16 on urban patrol]]</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>[[Image:F-16 ANG SanFran large.jpg|thumb|Air National Guard F-16 on urban patrol]]</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>As far as known, the only deployed [[surface-to-air missile]]s in North America is a U.S. Army [[air defense artillery#Low altitude air defense|Air Defense Artillery]] battery in the Washington, D.C. metropolitan area. At random intervals, or during large public events, fighters will patrol over several metropolitan areas, but the reality is that there is no strong air defense inside the borders of North America. Even if the fighters were available, there is no large-scale fighter control radar system; the air traffic control system is called "radar", but relies principally on [[transponder]]s to track and identify aircraft. Air traffic control radar, as opposed to a military air search radar such as the [[AN-|AN/]][[MPQ-64]], is not capable of accurately tracking a noncooperating target simply by its radar reflection. Without a transponder signal, one airliner looks like another; positive identification comes only from a fighter close enough for visual inspection, including reading the aircraft number painted on the tail.</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>As far as known, the only deployed [[surface-to-air missile]]s in North America is a U.S. Army [[air defense artillery#Low altitude air defense|Air Defense Artillery]] battery in the Washington, D.C. metropolitan area. At random intervals, or during large public events, fighters will patrol over several metropolitan areas, but the reality is that there is no strong air defense inside the borders of North America. Even if the fighters were available, there is no large-scale fighter control radar system; the air traffic control system is called "radar", but relies principally on [[transponder]]s to track and identify aircraft. Air traffic control radar, as opposed to a military air search radar such as the [[AN-|AN/]][[MPQ-64]], is not capable of accurately tracking a noncooperating target simply by its radar reflection. Without a transponder signal, one airliner looks like another; positive identification comes only from a fighter close enough for visual inspection, including reading the aircraft number painted on the tail.</div></td></tr>
</table>imported>Howard C. Berkowitzhttps://citizendium.org/wiki/index.php?title=North_American_Air_Defense_Command&diff=523719&oldid=previmported>Howard C. Berkowitz: /* Facilities */2009-01-22T23:55:04Z<p><span dir="auto"><span class="autocomment">Facilities</span></span></p>
<table style="background-color: #fff; color: #202122;" data-mw="interface">
<col class="diff-marker" />
<col class="diff-content" />
<col class="diff-marker" />
<col class="diff-content" />
<tr class="diff-title" lang="en">
<td colspan="2" style="background-color: #fff; color: #202122; text-align: center;">← Older revision</td>
<td colspan="2" style="background-color: #fff; color: #202122; text-align: center;">Revision as of 18:55, 22 January 2009</td>
</tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno" id="mw-diff-left-l31">Line 31:</td>
<td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno">Line 31:</td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div> | author = NORAD Public Affairs | date = 12/5/2006</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div> | author = NORAD Public Affairs | date = 12/5/2006</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div> | url = http://www.afspc.af.mil/news/story_print.asp?id=123033256}}</ref></div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div> | url = http://www.afspc.af.mil/news/story_print.asp?id=123033256}}</ref></div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-side-deleted"></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">==Aircraft==</ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-side-deleted"></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">U.S. [[F-15 Eagle]] and [[F-16 Fighting Falcon]] fighters fly U.S. combat air defense; Canadian forces fly a variant of the [[F-18 Hornet]]. They are armed with [[AIM-120 AMRAAM]] and [[AIM-9 Sidewinder|AIM-9X Sidewinder]] air-to-air missiles, and small quantities of 20mm [[autocannon]] ammunition.</ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-side-deleted"></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;"></ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-side-deleted"></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">As opposed to use in foreign theaters of operations, they would rarely if ever have assistance from an [[E-3 Sentry]] airborne radar aircraft.</ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-side-deleted"></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;"></ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>==References==</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>==References==</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>{{reflist}}</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>{{reflist}}</div></td></tr>
</table>imported>Howard C. Berkowitzhttps://citizendium.org/wiki/index.php?title=North_American_Air_Defense_Command&diff=523717&oldid=previmported>Howard C. Berkowitz: /* Context of 9/11 attacks */2009-01-22T23:51:09Z<p><span dir="auto"><span class="autocomment">Context of 9/11 attacks</span></span></p>
<table style="background-color: #fff; color: #202122;" data-mw="interface">
<col class="diff-marker" />
<col class="diff-content" />
<col class="diff-marker" />
<col class="diff-content" />
<tr class="diff-title" lang="en">
<td colspan="2" style="background-color: #fff; color: #202122; text-align: center;">← Older revision</td>
<td colspan="2" style="background-color: #fff; color: #202122; text-align: center;">Revision as of 18:51, 22 January 2009</td>
</tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno" id="mw-diff-left-l15">Line 15:</td>
<td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno">Line 15:</td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>High-performance jet fighters can deal with threats from airliners and business jets, but they may not the best platform for other threats. Given that there is also a requirement for visual identification, the [[United States Coast Guard]] has been tasked with intercepting low-flying, slow-speed aircraft in restricted air space.</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>High-performance jet fighters can deal with threats from airliners and business jets, but they may not the best platform for other threats. Given that there is also a requirement for visual identification, the [[United States Coast Guard]] has been tasked with intercepting low-flying, slow-speed aircraft in restricted air space.</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>It also should be noted that the warhead of even a large air-to-air missile such as the [[AIM-120 AMRAAM]] is in the 40-50 pound range, as opposed to the 300 pounds of a heavy antitank missile and the <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">1000 </del>pounds <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">or more </del>of <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">a demolition </del>bomb. An airliner hit by an air-to-air missile may crash, but it will not vaporize; 100 tons of metal, fuel and flesh are going to hit somewhere.</div></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>It also should be noted that the warhead of even a large air-to-air missile such as the [[AIM-120 AMRAAM]] is in the 40-50 pound range, as opposed to the 300 pounds of a heavy antitank missile <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">(e.g., [[AGM-65 Maverick]]) </ins>and the <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">hundreds to thousands of </ins>pounds of <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">[[Mark 8x series conventional </ins>bomb<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">]]s</ins>. An airliner hit by an air-to-air missile may crash, but it will not vaporize; 100 tons of metal, fuel and flesh are going to hit somewhere.</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>==Facilities==</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>==Facilities==</div></td></tr>
</table>imported>Howard C. Berkowitzhttps://citizendium.org/wiki/index.php?title=North_American_Air_Defense_Command&diff=523715&oldid=previmported>Howard C. Berkowitz: /* Context of 9/11 attacks */2009-01-22T23:49:12Z<p><span dir="auto"><span class="autocomment">Context of 9/11 attacks</span></span></p>
<table style="background-color: #fff; color: #202122;" data-mw="interface">
<col class="diff-marker" />
<col class="diff-content" />
<col class="diff-marker" />
<col class="diff-content" />
<tr class="diff-title" lang="en">
<td colspan="2" style="background-color: #fff; color: #202122; text-align: center;">← Older revision</td>
<td colspan="2" style="background-color: #fff; color: #202122; text-align: center;">Revision as of 18:49, 22 January 2009</td>
</tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno" id="mw-diff-left-l11">Line 11:</td>
<td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno">Line 11:</td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>After bomber attack on the interior of the both countries became much less likely, IADS facilities not on the coasts or northern frontier were cut back, saving funds. Had the [[9-11 attacks]] taken place decades earlier, there would have been interior [[radar]]s, fighters, and antiaircraft weapons to intervene over internal regions, but the available fighters had to fly inland, from bases far from the eventual targets.</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>After bomber attack on the interior of the both countries became much less likely, IADS facilities not on the coasts or northern frontier were cut back, saving funds. Had the [[9-11 attacks]] taken place decades earlier, there would have been interior [[radar]]s, fighters, and antiaircraft weapons to intervene over internal regions, but the available fighters had to fly inland, from bases far from the eventual targets.</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>[[Image:F-16 ANG SanFran large.jpg|thumb|Air National Guard F-16 on urban patrol]]</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>[[Image:F-16 ANG SanFran large.jpg|thumb|Air National Guard F-16 on urban patrol]]</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>As far as known, the only deployed [[surface-to-air missile]]s in North America is a U.S. Army [[air defense artillery#Low altitude air defense|Air Defense Artillery]] battery in the Washington, D.C. metropolitan area. At random intervals, or during large public events, fighters will patrol over several metropolitan areas, but the reality is that there is no strong air defense inside the borders of North America. Even if the fighters were available, there is no large-scale fighter control radar system.</div></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>As far as known, the only deployed [[surface-to-air missile]]s in North America is a U.S. Army [[air defense artillery#Low altitude air defense|Air Defense Artillery]] battery in the Washington, D.C. metropolitan area. At random intervals, or during large public events, fighters will patrol over several metropolitan areas, but the reality is that there is no strong air defense inside the borders of North America. Even if the fighters were available, there is no large-scale fighter control radar system<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">; the air traffic control system is called "radar", but relies principally on [[transponder]]s to track and identify aircraft. Air traffic control radar, as opposed to a military air search radar such as the [[AN-|AN/]][[MPQ-64]], is not capable of accurately tracking a noncooperating target simply by its radar reflection. Without a transponder signal, one airliner looks like another; positive identification comes only from a fighter close enough for visual inspection, including reading the aircraft number painted on the tail.</ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-side-deleted"></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div> </div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-side-deleted"></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">High-performance jet fighters can deal with threats from airliners and business jets, but they may not the best platform for other threats. Given that there is also a requirement for visual identification, the [[United States Coast Guard]] has been tasked with intercepting low-flying, slow-speed aircraft in restricted air space.</ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-side-deleted"></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div> </div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-side-deleted"></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">It also should be noted that the warhead of even a large air-to-air missile such as the [[AIM-120 AMRAAM]] is in the 40-50 pound range, as opposed to the 300 pounds of a heavy antitank missile and the 1000 pounds or more of a demolition bomb. An airliner hit by an air-to-air missile may crash, but it will not vaporize; 100 tons of metal, fuel and flesh are going to hit somewhere</ins>.</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">High-performance jet fighters can deal with threats from airliners and business jets, but they may not the best platform for other threats. Given that there is also a requirement for visual identification, the [[United States Coast Guard]] has been tasked with intercepting low-flying, slow-speed aircraft in restricted air space. </del></div></td><td colspan="2" class="diff-side-added"></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>==Facilities==</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>==Facilities==</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>The iconic command post, during the Cold War, was deep inside Cheyenne Mountain in Colorado; Cheyenne Mountain Operations Center is the most hardened facility in North America. Eventually, however, it became vulnerable to accurate missiles with large thermonuclear warheads, but was protected against anything less. Nevertheless, the underground command post has been put into caretaker status, and NORAD operations are in nearby, and cheaper to operate, conventional buildings. NORAD's operations center is now at nearby Peterson Air Force Base.</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>The iconic command post, during the Cold War, was deep inside Cheyenne Mountain in Colorado; Cheyenne Mountain Operations Center is the most hardened facility in North America. Eventually, however, it became vulnerable to accurate missiles with large thermonuclear warheads, but was protected against anything less. Nevertheless, the underground command post has been put into caretaker status, and NORAD operations are in nearby, and cheaper to operate, conventional buildings. NORAD's operations center is now at nearby Peterson Air Force Base.</div></td></tr>
</table>imported>Howard C. Berkowitz