Forward Area Air Defense: Difference between revisions

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Included in the [[U.S. Army]] '''Forward Area Air Defense''' Command, Control and
Included in the [[U.S. Army]] '''Forward Area Air Defense''' Command, Control and
Intelligence '''(FAAD, or FAAD C2I)''', a Battle Management/Command,
Intelligence '''(FAAD, or FAAD C2I)''', a Battle Management/Command,
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  | date = 31 March 2000
  | date = 31 March 2000
  | chapter = Chapter 5, Command and Control Systems
  | chapter = Chapter 5, Command and Control Systems
  | url = http://www.fas.org/spp/starwars/docops/fm44-100-2fd/chapter5.htm}}</ref>
  | url = http://www.fas.org/spp/starwars/docops/fm44-100-2fd/chapter5.htm}}</ref> It also is the command and control component of the new [[counter-rocket, artillery and mortar|counter-rocket, artillery and mortar]] (C-RAM) mission.
 
As the Air Defense component of the [[Army Battle Command System]].<ref name=AMCD>{{citation | title = C<sup>4</sup> Support to Air and Missile Defense | journal = Army
| url = http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_qa3723/is_/ai_n9446277 | date = October 2004 }}</ref>, the  the '''Air and Missile Defense Command and Control System''', has two main components, one for planning and one (FAAD) for tactical control:
* '''Air and Missile Defense Planning and Control System''' software for planning, <ref name=FM3-0.11>{{citation
| title = Field Manual 3-01.11: Air Defense Artillery Reference Handbook
| date = 31 October 2000
| id = FM 3-01.11
| author = U.S. Department of the Army}}</ref> which now runs on the Air and Missile Defense Workstation (AMDWS) <ref name=NG-ADMW>{{citation |
| Air and Missile Defense Planning and Control System (AMDPCS) [[Northrop Grumman]] Demonstrates New Air and Missile Defense Technologies During U.S. Army Patriot Exercise
| date = October 31, 2007
| url = http://www.irconnect.com/noc/press/pages/news_releases.html?d=130200}}</ref>
*'''FAAD''' at the  tactical engagement level. It includes both software, as well as communications interfaces to specific sensor and weapons systems. FAAD is extensible, as demonstrated by its accepting the additional sensors, weapons, and local warning components of [[C-RAM|counter-Rocket, Artillery and Mortar]] (C-RAM) mission.


With its ability to interoperate with the U.S. Air Force [[E-3 Sentry]] and U.S. Navy [[E-2 Hawkeye]], it can also get support from [[fighter aircraft]]; the E-3, again via JTIDS, can cue the air defenses of Navy ships that are in range.
With its ability to interoperate with the U.S. Air Force [[E-3 Sentry]] and U.S. Navy [[E-2 Hawkeye]], it can also get support from [[fighter aircraft]]; the E-3, again via JTIDS, can cue the air defenses of Navy ships that are in range.
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Integral components of the FAAD C3I system include:
Integral components of the FAAD C3I system include:
*[[Air Battle Management Operations Center]] (ABMOC) that monitors and controls the air defense tactical operations for the ADA battalion.
*[[Air Battle Management Operations Center]] (ABMOC) that monitors and controls the air defense tactical operations for the ADA battalion
*[[Army Airspace Command and Control]] (A2C2) system that provides air defense information to the division TOC. ''''Is this still the case in the brigade-oriented restructuring?'''''
*[[Army Airspace Command and Control]] (A2C2) system that provides air defense information when a [[division]] headquarters controls the BCTs, rather than BCTs operating independently
*Sensor/Command and Control (Sensor/C2) system that processes and disseminates track data to Stinger firing batteries. '''''Clearly does to Stinger units. What about Patriot, SLAMRAAM, and THAAD?'''''
*Interfaces to weapons control systems:
*The Sentinel radar that provides early warning and system cueing information. This is the primary intelligence component.
**Sensor/Command and Control (Sensor/C2) to Stinger units
**[[Mobile Subscriber Equipment]] (MSE) to [[MIM-104 Patriot]] units; to be replaced by the evolving [[Warfighter Information Network-Tactical]].
**[[C-RAM]] warning subsystem and gun system, the latter the land-based modification of the [[Phalanx close-in weapons system]]
**[[Terminal High Altitude Area Defense]]
*[[MPQ-64|AN/MPQ-64 Sentinel]] radar that provides early warning and system cueing information of aircraft
*[[Counter-rocket, artillery and mortar]] (C-RAM)  sensors including [[TPQ-46|AN/TPQ-46]], [[TPQ-36|AN/TPQ-36]] and [[TPQ-37|AN/TPQ-37]] radars; electro-optical and acoustic RAM sensors
*Simplified Handheld Terminal Unit (SHTU) or Handheld Terminal Unit (HTU) with the battery command posts and weapon systems.
*Simplified Handheld Terminal Unit (SHTU) or Handheld Terminal Unit (HTU) with the battery command posts and weapon systems.
*Joint Tactical Ground Station (JTAGS) for receiving ballistic missile launch alerts from [[Electro-optical MASINT#Space-based Staring Infrared Sensors|national-level DSP and SBIRS sensors]],<ref name=GS-JTAGS>{{citation
| citation = http://www.globalsecurity.org/space/systems/jtags.htm
| title = Joint Tactical Ground Station (JTAGS)
| author = Globalsecurity}}</ref><ref name=FM40-1>{{citation
| id = FM 40-1
| title = Field Manual 40-1: Joint Tactical Ground Station Operations
| date = September 9, 1999
| url = http://www.globalsecurity.org/military/library/policy/army/fm/40-1/index.html
}}</ref> Tactical Detection and Reporting System national intelligence systems.
The ABMOC and A2C2 systems utilize the Army Standard Integrated Command Post System (SICPS) shelter with HMMWV. [[SINCGARS]] and [[EPLRS]] radios, [[Mobile Subscriber Equipment]] ([[MSE]]), and [[Joint Tactical Information Distribution System]] (JTIDS) terminal provide communications (voice and data(,


The ABMOC and A2C2 systems utilize the Army Standard Integrated Command Post System (SICPS) shelter with HMMWV. [[SINCGARS]] and [[EPLRS]] radios, [[Mobile Subscriber Equipment]] ([[MSE]]), and [[Joint Tactical Information Distribution System]] (JTIDS) terminal provide communications (voice and data)
==Communications systems; time and position information==
==Communications systems; time and position information==
All the ground radios, at least, will be consolidated into the [[Joint Tactical Radio System]]
All the ground radios, at least, will be consolidated into the [[Joint Tactical Radio System]] and [[Warfighter Information Network-Tactical]].
*[[Joint Tactical Information Distribution System]] (JTIDS)
*[[Joint Tactical Information Distribution System]] (JTIDS)
*[[Single Channel Ground and Airborne Radio System]](SINCGARS)
*[[Single Channel Ground and Airborne Radio System]](SINCGARS)
*[[Enhanced Position Location Reporting System]] (EPLRS)
*[[Enhanced Position Location Reporting System]] (EPLRS)
*[[Global Positioning System]] (GPS)
*[[Global Positioning System]] (GPS)
*[[Mobile Subscriber System]] (MSE) wired or radio between ABCS and Patriot battery CP
*[[Mobile Subscriber Equipment]] (MSE) wired or radio between [[Army Battle Command System]] and Patriot battery command post
 
==Sensors==
==Sensors==
===Organic===
To track aircraft, [[unmanned aerial vehicle]] and helicopter threats, there are two kinds of ground-based sensor (GBS). For heavy units, the ground-based sensor is the [[MPQ-64|AN/MPQ-64 Sentinel]] radar. The [[lightweight and special divisions interim sensor]] ([[LSDIS]]) is a man-portable warning radar and electronic warfare platform.
'''''Are there light ADA battalions only with L and heavy battalions with GBS, or is there one kind of FAAD battalion that has both?'''''
{| class="wikitable"
====Ground-based sensor====
<center>'''Organic Sensors'''</center>
The ground-based sensor is the [[MPQ-64|AN/MPQ-64 Sentinel]] radar.  
|-
* Detects one-square meter targets out to a range of 40 kilometers and from 0 to 4,000 meters above ground level.
! Function
* All weather, 24-hour operations.
! Sentinel
* FAAD C3I and IFF compatible.
! LSDIS
* Acquires high-speed maneuvering FW aircraft up to 40 kilometers out.
|-
* Can acquire hovering, running, or pop-up helicopter at up to 20 kilometers out.
| Range and sensitivity         
* Provides visual display of target location in azimuth and range.
| Detects one-square meter targets out to a range of 40 kilometers and from 0 to 4,000 meters above ground level
* Acquires UAVs at a maximum range of 30 kilometers.
| Detects 2-square meter targets out to a range of 20 kilometers and from 0 to 3,000 meters above ground level
* Uses military power sources (l0-kilowatt generator) to include organic vehicle power sources.
|-
* Two-man emplacement or march order for GBS.
| Operations         
* Two-man emplacement or march order for C2I node.
| All weather, 24-hour operations
* Operable by one soldier.
| Limited weather
* Capable of sharing division picture with other sensors (ABMOC and A2 C2) using EPLRS.
|-
* Provides azimuth and range resolutions of 8 degrees or less and 1,500 meters or less, respectively.
| High-speed, maneuvering fixed-wing aircraft acquisition
====LSDIS====
| Acquires up to 40 km away
*The [[lightweight and special divisions interim sensor]] ([[LSDIS]]) is a man-portable warning radar and electronic warfare platform. It is man-portable, rugged, EW sensor  that provides FAAD units with alerting and other EW information. Six LSDISs are attached to each FAAD battalion.
| Acquires; range N/A
'''''Does it have an AN designation?'''''
|-
LSDIS capabilities are as follows:
| hovering, running, or pop-up helicopter
| Acquires up to 20 km away
| Acquires up to 8 km away
|-
| UAV
| Acquires up to 30 km away
| Acquires; range N/A
|-
| Information sharing
| Uses EPLRS to ABMOC and A2C2
| N/A
|}
 
FAAD also interfaces to Air Force and Navy systems via the [[Joint Tactical Information Distribution System]], including the [[E-3 Sentry]] and [[E-2 Hawkeye]] radar aircraft, and the shipboard [[AEGIS battle management system]].


* Detects 2-square meter targets out to a range of 20 kilometers and from 0 to 3,000 meters above ground level.
* Limited weather.
* FAAD C2I and [[identification-friend-or-foe]] compatible.
* Acquires high-speed maneuvering fixed-wing aircraft.
* Acquires hovering and popup helicopters up to 8 kilometers.
* Provides azimuth and range resolutions of 8 degrees or less and 1,500 meters or less, respectively.
* Provides visual display of target location in azimuth and range.
* Uses military power sources to include organic vehicle power sources.
* Two-man emplacement or march order.
* Operable by one soldier.
* Airdroppable and transportable by medium helicopters and HMMWVs.
===Available through joint communications===
*[[E-3 Sentry]] [[Airborne Warning and Control System]] (AWACS)
*[[E-2 Hawkeye]]
==Weapons==
==Weapons==
===Army===
===Army===
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*[[FIM-92 Stinger]]: low altitude including individual soldier; vehicle mounts to become final defense and helicopter defence when SLAMRAAM is in full production. No dedicated radar but can be cued by FAAD.
*[[FIM-92 Stinger]]: low altitude including individual soldier; vehicle mounts to become final defense and helicopter defence when SLAMRAAM is in full production. No dedicated radar but can be cued by FAAD.
===Air Force===
===Air Force===
[[F-15 Eagle]], [[F-16 Fighting Falcon]], and [[F-15E]] may, depending on upgrade level, have JTIDS; they will otherwise need [[HAVE QUICK II]] voice direction. [[F-22 Raptor]] has JTIDS, as will the [[F-35A Lighning II]].
[[F-15 Eagle]], [[F-16 Fighting Falcon]], and [[F-15E Strike Eagle]] may, depending on upgrade level, have JTIDS; they will otherwise need [[HAVE QUICK II]] voice direction. [[F-22 Raptor]] has JTIDS, as will the [[F-35A Lighning II]].


Air Force fighters use [[AIM-120 AMRAAM]] and [[AIM-9 Sidewinder]], as well as final dogfight cannon
Air Force fighters use [[AIM-120 AMRAAM]] and [[AIM-9 Sidewinder]], as well as final dogfight cannon


===Navy===
===Navy===
Navy [[F-18 Hornet]], [[F-18 Super Hornet]], and future [[F-35C Lighting II]] fighters also use  [[AIM-120 AMRAAM]] and [[AIM-9 Sidewinder]], as well as final dogfight cannon.
Navy [[F-18 Hornet]], [[F-18 Super Hornet]], and future [[F-35C Lightning II]] fighters also use  [[AIM-120 AMRAAM]] and [[AIM-9 Sidewinder]], as well as final dogfight cannon.
 
In addition, Navy [[Ticonderoga-class]] [[cruiser]]s and [[Burke-class]] [[destroyer]]s have long-range [[RIM-156 Standard SM-2]] and medium-range [[RIM-162 ESSM|RIM-162 Evolved Sea Sparrow]] missiles that may cover part of the land area controlled by FAAD, or approaches to it.


In addition, Navy [[Ticonderoga-class]] [[cruiser]]s and [[Burke-class]] [[destroyer]]s have long-range [[RIM-156 Standard SM-2]] and medium-range [[RIM-162 ESSM|RIM-162 Evolved Sea Sparrow]] missiles that may cover part of the land area controlled by FAAD, or approaches to it.
==References==
==References==
{{reflist|2}}
{{reflist|2}}

Revision as of 13:10, 10 February 2011

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Included in the U.S. Army Forward Area Air Defense Command, Control and Intelligence (FAAD, or FAAD C2I), a Battle Management/Command, Control, Communications, Computers, and Intelligence (BM/C4I) system system are the radios, computers, radars, and surface-to-air missiles to cover an Army tactical areas.[1] It also is the command and control component of the new counter-rocket, artillery and mortar (C-RAM) mission.

As the Air Defense component of the Army Battle Command System.[2], the the Air and Missile Defense Command and Control System, has two main components, one for planning and one (FAAD) for tactical control:

  • Air and Missile Defense Planning and Control System software for planning, [3] which now runs on the Air and Missile Defense Workstation (AMDWS) [4]
  • FAAD at the tactical engagement level. It includes both software, as well as communications interfaces to specific sensor and weapons systems. FAAD is extensible, as demonstrated by its accepting the additional sensors, weapons, and local warning components of counter-Rocket, Artillery and Mortar (C-RAM) mission.

With its ability to interoperate with the U.S. Air Force E-3 Sentry and U.S. Navy E-2 Hawkeye, it can also get support from fighter aircraft; the E-3, again via JTIDS, can cue the air defenses of Navy ships that are in range.

FAAD implements air defense artillery doctrine, but adds interfaces to systems outside the immediate ADA structure. command posts (CP), tactical operations centers (TOC), and fire direction centers (FDC).

Integral components of the FAAD C3I system include:

The ABMOC and A2C2 systems utilize the Army Standard Integrated Command Post System (SICPS) shelter with HMMWV. SINCGARS and EPLRS radios, Mobile Subscriber Equipment (MSE), and Joint Tactical Information Distribution System (JTIDS) terminal provide communications (voice and data(,

Communications systems; time and position information

All the ground radios, at least, will be consolidated into the Joint Tactical Radio System and Warfighter Information Network-Tactical.

Sensors

To track aircraft, unmanned aerial vehicle and helicopter threats, there are two kinds of ground-based sensor (GBS). For heavy units, the ground-based sensor is the AN/MPQ-64 Sentinel radar. The lightweight and special divisions interim sensor (LSDIS) is a man-portable warning radar and electronic warfare platform.

Organic Sensors
Function Sentinel LSDIS
Range and sensitivity Detects one-square meter targets out to a range of 40 kilometers and from 0 to 4,000 meters above ground level Detects 2-square meter targets out to a range of 20 kilometers and from 0 to 3,000 meters above ground level
Operations All weather, 24-hour operations Limited weather
High-speed, maneuvering fixed-wing aircraft acquisition Acquires up to 40 km away Acquires; range N/A
hovering, running, or pop-up helicopter Acquires up to 20 km away Acquires up to 8 km away
UAV Acquires up to 30 km away Acquires; range N/A
Information sharing Uses EPLRS to ABMOC and A2C2 N/A

FAAD also interfaces to Air Force and Navy systems via the Joint Tactical Information Distribution System, including the E-3 Sentry and E-2 Hawkeye radar aircraft, and the shipboard AEGIS battle management system.

Weapons

Army

The Army has several levels of air defense weapons, not all in general deployment:

  • THAAD exoatmospheric ballistic missile defense. AN/TPY-2 radar,
  • MIM-104 Patriot endoatmospheric BMD; high to medium antiarcraft
  • SLAMRAAM land-based derivative of AIM-120 AMRAAM; deployed now in National Capital Area; to become low-to-medium range antiaircraft
  • FIM-92 Stinger: low altitude including individual soldier; vehicle mounts to become final defense and helicopter defence when SLAMRAAM is in full production. No dedicated radar but can be cued by FAAD.

Air Force

F-15 Eagle, F-16 Fighting Falcon, and F-15E Strike Eagle may, depending on upgrade level, have JTIDS; they will otherwise need HAVE QUICK II voice direction. F-22 Raptor has JTIDS, as will the F-35A Lighning II.

Air Force fighters use AIM-120 AMRAAM and AIM-9 Sidewinder, as well as final dogfight cannon

Navy

Navy F-18 Hornet, F-18 Super Hornet, and future F-35C Lightning II fighters also use AIM-120 AMRAAM and AIM-9 Sidewinder, as well as final dogfight cannon.

In addition, Navy Ticonderoga-class cruisers and Burke-class destroyers have long-range RIM-156 Standard SM-2 and medium-range RIM-162 Evolved Sea Sparrow missiles that may cover part of the land area controlled by FAAD, or approaches to it.

References

  1. ↑ , Chapter 5, Command and Control Systems, Air Defense Artillery Reference Handbook, 31 March 2000, FM 44-100-2
  2. ↑ "C4 Support to Air and Missile Defense", Army, October 2004
  3. ↑ U.S. Department of the Army (31 October 2000), Field Manual 3-01.11: Air Defense Artillery Reference Handbook, FM 3-01.11
  4. ↑ , October 31, 2007
  5. ↑ Globalsecurity, Joint Tactical Ground Station (JTAGS)
  6. ↑ Field Manual 40-1: Joint Tactical Ground Station Operations, September 9, 1999, FM 40-1
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