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'''Extraordinary rendition''' has had a general meaning, in U.S. law, of obtaining custody of a prisoner, from a foreign country, without a formal extradition procedure . The traditional meaning had been to bypass extradition by requesting a country to deport or expel a non-citizen, into the custody of U.S. personnel. <ref name=USAM9>{{citation
{|border="1"
| title = US Attorneys' Criminal Resource Manual
|style="background:lightblue"|''This is the top-level article for numerous articles about specific policies of nations and political systems.  For more information, explore Extraordinary rendition/Related Articles, both in terms of techniques and of the practices of various nations and governments (e.g., extraordinary rendition, Israel or extraordinary rendition, U.S..  For contrast, see international extradition.
| contribution =  USAM Chapter 9-15.000, International Extradition and Related Matters
|}''
| publisher = [[U.S. Department of Justice]]
'''Extraordinary rendition''' has had a general meaning of bypassing international extradition, of obtaining custody of a prisoner, from a foreign country. It can, for example, not involve formal extradition procedure before the courts, but could still involve an administrative hearing before immigration authorities.  
| url = }}</ref> It is a practice of the [[United States]] government, where captives are transferred from US custody without going through the regular channels of [[international extradition]], although the process may or may not involve a hearing in the country involved.  
 
==Formal procedure==
==Formal procedure==
Captives who face extraordinary rendition may or may not have an opportunity to challenge the justification for their transfer. Such captives would typically make their challenge to the immigration authorities in that country, if they are not citizens of it, rather than to its courts.
Captives who face extraordinary rendition may or may not have an opportunity to challenge the justification for their transfer. Such captives would typically make their challenge to the immigration authorities in that country, if they are not citizens of it, rather than to its courts.
==Secret procedure==
==Secret procedure==
Legal distinctions have been drawn between secret rendition when there is, or is not, the possibility of torture.  Using the doctrine of [[state secrets]], the U.S. Court of Appeals for the Fourth Circuit in a unanimous decision, dismissed the action of Khaled el-Masri <ref name=elMasri-District> {{cite court
Legal distinctions have been drawn between secret rendition when there is, or is not, the possibility of torture.   
  |litigants = El-Masri v. Tenet
  |vol =
  |reporter =
  |opinion =
  |pinpoint =
  |court = United States District Court for the Eastern Division of Virginia, Alexandria Division
  |date = December 6, 2005
  |url= }}</ref> asserting claims related to his extraordinary rendition. One of the concerns in this case, involving a German citizen, was the Council of Europe of June 2006 had reported that el-Masri's account of having been abducted and mistreated was substantially accurate. <ref name=TheJurist20070305>
{{cite news
| url=http://jurist.law.pitt.edu/forumy/2007/03/un-american-way-kafkaesque-case-of.php
| title=The Un-American Way: The Kafkaesque Case of Khalid El-Masri
| publisher=[[The Jurist]]
| author=[[Benjamin G. Davis]]
| date=March 5, 2007
| accessdate=2008-04-15
}}</ref>
 
Human rights critics have expressed the concern that the United States initiates secret extraordinary rendition, and requests nations where the use of [[torture]] is routine to subject selected important captives to interrogation techniques prohibited by US law. <ref name=TheJurist20051206>
{{cite news
| url=http://jurist.law.pitt.edu/paperchase/2005/12/bush-denies-us-rendition-for-torture.php
| title=Bush denies US rendition for torture but Rice acknowledges 'mistakes'
| publisher=[[The Jurist]]
| author=[[Greg Sampson]]
| date=Tuesday, December 6, 2005
| accessdate=2008-04-15
| quote=
}}</ref> .
 
<ref name=TheJurist20070312>
{{cite news
| url=http://jurist.law.pitt.edu/forumy/2007/03/dangerous-discretion-state-secrets-and.php
| title=Dangerous Discretion: State Secrets and the El-Masri Rendition Case
| publisher=[[The Jurist]]
| author=[[Aziz Huq]]
| date=March 12, 2007
| accessdate=2008-04-15
}}</ref>
 
The policy of the [[Obama Administration]] has not been fully elaborated, although this Administration has taken a strong policy against torture. Former [[United States President]] [[George W. Bush]] has asserted that the US Government does not send captives to countries where they will be [[torture]]d<blockquote>However, I can tell you two things: one, that we abide by the law of the United States; we do not torture. And two, we will try to do everything we can to protect us within the law. We're facing an enemy that would like to hit America again, and the American people expect us to, within our laws, do everything we can to protect them. And that's exactly what the United States is doing. We do not render to countries that torture. That has been our policy, and that policy will remain the same.<ref name=Bush>
{{cite news
| url=http://www.whitehouse.gov/news/releases/2005/12/20051206-1.html
| title=President Meets with World Health Organization Director-General
| publisher=[[White House]]
| author=[[George W. Bush]]
| date=December 6 2005
| accessdate=2008-04-15}}</ref></blockquote>


==References==
==References==
{{reflist|2}}
{{reflist|2}}

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https://en.citizendium.org/wiki/index.php?title=Extraordinary_rendition&printable=yes
This editable Main Article is under development and subject to a disclaimer.
This is the top-level article for numerous articles about specific policies of nations and political systems. For more information, explore Extraordinary rendition/Related Articles, both in terms of techniques and of the practices of various nations and governments (e.g., extraordinary rendition, Israel or extraordinary rendition, U.S.. For contrast, see international extradition.

Extraordinary rendition has had a general meaning of bypassing international extradition, of obtaining custody of a prisoner, from a foreign country. It can, for example, not involve formal extradition procedure before the courts, but could still involve an administrative hearing before immigration authorities.

Formal procedure

Captives who face extraordinary rendition may or may not have an opportunity to challenge the justification for their transfer. Such captives would typically make their challenge to the immigration authorities in that country, if they are not citizens of it, rather than to its courts.

Secret procedure

Legal distinctions have been drawn between secret rendition when there is, or is not, the possibility of torture.

References
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