https://citizendium.org/api.php?hidebots=1&days=30&limit=50&target=Revolt_of_the_Admirals+&action=feedrecentchanges&feedformat=atomCitizendium - Changes related to "Revolt of the Admirals" [en]2024-03-29T14:46:05ZRelated changesMediaWiki 1.39.5https://citizendium.org/wiki/index.php?title=Strategic_bombing&diff=942989&oldid=930180Strategic bombing2024-03-20T17:10:21Z<p>Text replacement - "ROLLING THUNDER" to "Rolling Thunder"</p>
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<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Troop trains usually got through, but the "civilian" traffic that did not get through comprised food, uniforms, medical equipment, horses, fodder, tanks, fuel, howitzers, flak shells and machine guns for the front lines, and coal, steel, spare parts, subassemblies, and critical components for munitions factories. By January, 1945, the transportation system was cracking in dozens of places, and front-line units had more luck trying to capture Allied weapons than waiting for fresh supplies of their own.</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Troop trains usually got through, but the "civilian" traffic that did not get through comprised food, uniforms, medical equipment, horses, fodder, tanks, fuel, howitzers, flak shells and machine guns for the front lines, and coal, steel, spare parts, subassemblies, and critical components for munitions factories. By January, 1945, the transportation system was cracking in dozens of places, and front-line units had more luck trying to capture Allied weapons than waiting for fresh supplies of their own.</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>==Vietnam War==</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>==Vietnam War==</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>During the [[Vietnam War]], there were a variety of strike operations against North Vietnam. [[Operation <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">ROLLING THUNDER</del>]] was essentially futile. With less restrictive rules of engagement, [[Operation LINEBACKER I]] was effective at the operational level. [[Operation LINEBACKER II]] was decisive in achieving a specific short-term strategic goal. </div></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>During the [[Vietnam War]], there were a variety of strike operations against North Vietnam. [[Operation <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Rolling Thunder</ins>]] was essentially futile. With less restrictive rules of engagement, [[Operation LINEBACKER I]] was effective at the operational level. [[Operation LINEBACKER II]] was decisive in achieving a specific short-term strategic goal. </div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>==Falklands War==</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>==Falklands War==</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Perhaps the most complex operation using conventional bombs, the British "BLACK BUCK" raids during the [[Falklands War]] were effective, again for a specific objective. </div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Perhaps the most complex operation using conventional bombs, the British "BLACK BUCK" raids during the [[Falklands War]] were effective, again for a specific objective. </div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>==Iraq War==</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>==Iraq War==</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>The most effective large-scale strike campaign, considering both the results and the strategic goals, was [[Operation Desert Storm]]. Subsequent strike operations in the Balkans and [[Iraq War]] were more limited, in part due to a lack of suitable targets.</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>The most effective large-scale strike campaign, considering both the results and the strategic goals, was [[Operation Desert Storm]]. Subsequent strike operations in the Balkans and [[Iraq War]] were more limited, in part due to a lack of suitable targets.</div></td></tr>
</table>John Leachhttps://citizendium.org/wiki/index.php?title=Single_Integrated_Operational_Plan&diff=941912&oldid=923008Single Integrated Operational Plan2024-03-19T14:34:37Z<p></p>
<a href="https://citizendium.org/wiki/index.php?title=Single_Integrated_Operational_Plan&diff=941912&oldid=923008">Show changes</a>John Leachhttps://citizendium.org/wiki/index.php?title=Strategic_bombing&diff=930180&oldid=630590Strategic bombing2024-03-10T11:10:23Z<p>Text replacement - "DESERT STORM" to "Desert Storm"</p>
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<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Perhaps the most complex operation using conventional bombs, the British "BLACK BUCK" raids during the [[Falklands War]] were effective, again for a specific objective. </div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Perhaps the most complex operation using conventional bombs, the British "BLACK BUCK" raids during the [[Falklands War]] were effective, again for a specific objective. </div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>==Iraq War==</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>==Iraq War==</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>The most effective large-scale strike campaign, considering both the results and the strategic goals, was [[Operation <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">DESERT STORM</del>]]. Subsequent strike operations in the Balkans and [[Iraq War]] were more limited, in part due to a lack of suitable targets.</div></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>The most effective large-scale strike campaign, considering both the results and the strategic goals, was [[Operation <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Desert Storm</ins>]]. Subsequent strike operations in the Balkans and [[Iraq War]] were more limited, in part due to a lack of suitable targets.</div></td></tr>
</table>John Leachhttps://citizendium.org/wiki/index.php?title=Single_Integrated_Operational_Plan&diff=923008&oldid=896708Single Integrated Operational Plan2024-02-28T15:10:25Z<p>Text replacement - "<a href="/wiki/China" class="mw-redirect" title="China">China</a>" to "China"</p>
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<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Before the SIOP, nuclear war planning was done independently by the [[United States Air Force]] and [[United States Navy]], with limited involvement from the [[United States Army]] when it still had long-range nuclear weapons. Until the late Eisenhower Administration, there had been no civilian policy input into nuclear planning, and, when Eisenhower's representative [[George Kistiakowsky]], a key person in designing the first nuclear weapons, reviewed the plans, was shocked by what seemed a mismatch between the policy goals of the use of nuclear effects, and the effects of the weapons selected for specific targets. SIOP is the result of the consolidation of nuclear war planning involving both coordination among the Air Force and Navy, and civilian policy oversight.</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Before the SIOP, nuclear war planning was done independently by the [[United States Air Force]] and [[United States Navy]], with limited involvement from the [[United States Army]] when it still had long-range nuclear weapons. Until the late Eisenhower Administration, there had been no civilian policy input into nuclear planning, and, when Eisenhower's representative [[George Kistiakowsky]], a key person in designing the first nuclear weapons, reviewed the plans, was shocked by what seemed a mismatch between the policy goals of the use of nuclear effects, and the effects of the weapons selected for specific targets. SIOP is the result of the consolidation of nuclear war planning involving both coordination among the Air Force and Navy, and civilian policy oversight.</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>== Preparation of alternatives ==</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>== Preparation of alternatives ==</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>The SIOP (and the differently-named plans that succeeded it) is generated from guidance by the [[President of the United States of America|President]]. The guide is converted by the [[United States Secretary of Defense|Secretary of Defense]] into the Nuclear Weapons Employment Policy (NUWEP) of basic targeting objectives, target lists and operational constraints. The NUWEP is then delivered to the [[Joint Chiefs of Staff]] (JCS) and emerges as the Joint Strategic Capabilities Plan (JSCP). The JSCP is then converted into the actual targeting orders, timing, and weapon allocation that comprise the SIOP (and successors) by the [[United States Strategic Command|USSTRATCOM]], which matches weapons effects with the damage intended and the collateral damage to be avoided. The entire process takes up to 18 months. Under President Clinton, the SIOP held four major attack options, 65 limited attack options, and a number of generalised adaptive options for threats originating outside [[Russia]] or <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">[[</del>China<del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">]]</del>.</div></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>The SIOP (and the differently-named plans that succeeded it) is generated from guidance by the [[President of the United States of America|President]]. The guide is converted by the [[United States Secretary of Defense|Secretary of Defense]] into the Nuclear Weapons Employment Policy (NUWEP) of basic targeting objectives, target lists and operational constraints. The NUWEP is then delivered to the [[Joint Chiefs of Staff]] (JCS) and emerges as the Joint Strategic Capabilities Plan (JSCP). The JSCP is then converted into the actual targeting orders, timing, and weapon allocation that comprise the SIOP (and successors) by the [[United States Strategic Command|USSTRATCOM]], which matches weapons effects with the damage intended and the collateral damage to be avoided. The entire process takes up to 18 months. Under President Clinton, the SIOP held four major attack options, 65 limited attack options, and a number of generalised adaptive options for threats originating outside [[Russia]] or China.</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Nuclear strike targets are listed as the National Target Base (NTB), which is built from an intelligence list of 150,000+ sites across the world. The number of targets in the NTB has varied enormously - from around 16,000 in 1985, 12,500 following the collapse of the Soviet Union, and 2,500 in 1995 before rising to the current list of 3,000 targets. Around 75% of the current targets are in Russia; of these, 1,100 are nuclear weapons sites.</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Nuclear strike targets are listed as the National Target Base (NTB), which is built from an intelligence list of 150,000+ sites across the world. The number of targets in the NTB has varied enormously - from around 16,000 in 1985, 12,500 following the collapse of the Soviet Union, and 2,500 in 1995 before rising to the current list of 3,000 targets. Around 75% of the current targets are in Russia; of these, 1,100 are nuclear weapons sites.</div></td></tr>
</table>John Leachhttps://citizendium.org/wiki/index.php?title=Strategic_Air_Command&diff=922924&oldid=513818Strategic Air Command2024-02-28T15:09:42Z<p>Text replacement - "<a href="/wiki/China" class="mw-redirect" title="China">China</a>" to "China"</p>
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<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Between 1946 and 1992, the '''Strategic Air Command''' of the [[United States Air Force]] had the primary responsibility for using [[nuclear weapon]]s against the [[Soviet Union]], <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">[[</del>China<del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">]]</del>, and other Cold War targets. While its first commander was GEN [[George Kenney]], the modern command was built from WWII forces by GEN [[Curtis LeMay]], changing the mission from mass raids to nuclear attack. Until 1959, it also developed the target lists and attack plans, until President [[Dwight D. Eisenhower]] sent his Science Advisor, [[George Kistiakowsky]], to SAC Headquarters at Offutt Air Force Base near Omaha, Nebraska. </div></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Between 1946 and 1992, the '''Strategic Air Command''' of the [[United States Air Force]] had the primary responsibility for using [[nuclear weapon]]s against the [[Soviet Union]], China, and other Cold War targets. While its first commander was GEN [[George Kenney]], the modern command was built from WWII forces by GEN [[Curtis LeMay]], changing the mission from mass raids to nuclear attack. Until 1959, it also developed the target lists and attack plans, until President [[Dwight D. Eisenhower]] sent his Science Advisor, [[George Kistiakowsky]], to SAC Headquarters at Offutt Air Force Base near Omaha, Nebraska. </div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>At first, the SAC generals refused to share nuclear plans with Kistiakowsky, who went back to Washington, and returned with Presidential orders essentially giving the SAC staff the choice of making all information available to Kistiakowsky, his representative, or to retire. The information was provided, and, in the final months of the Eisenhower Administration, Presidential policy started to guide nuclear war planning. </div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>At first, the SAC generals refused to share nuclear plans with Kistiakowsky, who went back to Washington, and returned with Presidential orders essentially giving the SAC staff the choice of making all information available to Kistiakowsky, his representative, or to retire. The information was provided, and, in the final months of the Eisenhower Administration, Presidential policy started to guide nuclear war planning. </div></td></tr>
</table>John Leach