https://citizendium.org/api.php?hidebots=1&days=30&limit=50&target=Knight+&action=feedrecentchanges&feedformat=atomCitizendium - Changes related to "Knight" [en]2024-03-19T06:09:57ZRelated changesMediaWiki 1.39.5https://citizendium.org/wiki/index.php?title=Template:Knight/Metadata&diff=936177&oldid=323545Template:Knight/Metadata2024-03-15T14:20:51Z<p>Text replacement - "variant =↵" to "variant = BE "</p>
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</table>John Leachhttps://citizendium.org/wiki/index.php?title=Spanish_language&diff=931593&oldid=880296Spanish language2024-03-13T17:13:57Z<p>Text replacement - "<a href="/wiki/Cuba" title="Cuba">Cuba</a>" to "Cuba"</p>
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<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>[[File:Linguistic map Southwestern Europe-en.gif | thumb | 400px | left | This animated map shows the southward growth of [[Romance languages]], like the Castilian, as Christian rule displaced muslim rule.]]</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>[[File:Linguistic map Southwestern Europe-en.gif | thumb | 400px | left | This animated map shows the southward growth of [[Romance languages]], like the Castilian, as Christian rule displaced muslim rule.]]</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>'''Spanish''' or '''Castilian''' (in its own [[language (genera)|language]]: ''español'', ''castellano'') is one of the [[Romance languages]]. It began as a variety of [[Latin language|Latin]] in what is now northern [[Spain]], and has since become one of the world's most widely-spoken languages. Its is nowadays the first spoken language and the state language of [[Spain]], as well as of a majority of [[Latin America]]n countries which are, from north to south, [[Mexico]], <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">[[</del>Cuba<del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">]]</del>, the [[Dominican Republic]], [[Puerto Rico]], [[Guatemala]], [[Honduras]], [[El Salvador]], [[Nicaragua]], [[Costa Rica]], [[Panama]], [[Venezuela]], [[Colombia]], [[Ecuador]], [[Peru]], [[Bolivia]], [[Paraguay]], [[Uruguay]], [[Argentina]] and [[Chile]]. In most of these countries, however, Spanish coexists with several minority languages. Spanish is also used by an important part of the population of the [[United States of America]], has an official status in [[Equatorial Guinea]] and enjoys some diffusion in the [[Philippines]], in [[Morocco]] and in [[Western Sahara]].</div></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>'''Spanish''' or '''Castilian''' (in its own [[language (genera)|language]]: ''español'', ''castellano'') is one of the [[Romance languages]]. It began as a variety of [[Latin language|Latin]] in what is now northern [[Spain]], and has since become one of the world's most widely-spoken languages. Its is nowadays the first spoken language and the state language of [[Spain]], as well as of a majority of [[Latin America]]n countries which are, from north to south, [[Mexico]], Cuba, the [[Dominican Republic]], [[Puerto Rico]], [[Guatemala]], [[Honduras]], [[El Salvador]], [[Nicaragua]], [[Costa Rica]], [[Panama]], [[Venezuela]], [[Colombia]], [[Ecuador]], [[Peru]], [[Bolivia]], [[Paraguay]], [[Uruguay]], [[Argentina]] and [[Chile]]. In most of these countries, however, Spanish coexists with several minority languages. Spanish is also used by an important part of the population of the [[United States of America]], has an official status in [[Equatorial Guinea]] and enjoys some diffusion in the [[Philippines]], in [[Morocco]] and in [[Western Sahara]].</div></td></tr>
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</table>John Leachhttps://citizendium.org/wiki/index.php?title=Baronet&diff=931136&oldid=879109Baronet2024-03-12T21:53:25Z<p>Text replacement - "<a href="/wiki/Iraq" title="Iraq">Iraq</a>" to "Iraq"</p>
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<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Unlike the [[peerage]], the baronetage was not limited to citizens of the [[United Kingdom]] or even of the [[Commonwealth]].</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Unlike the [[peerage]], the baronetage was not limited to citizens of the [[United Kingdom]] or even of the [[Commonwealth]].</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>A number of baronetcies were conferred upon non-Britons from [[New Zealand]], [[South Africa]], [[Australia]], <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">[[</del>Iraq<del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">]]</del>, [[India]], [[Holland]], [[Sweden]] and even the [[United States of America]].</div></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>A number of baronetcies were conferred upon non-Britons from [[New Zealand]], [[South Africa]], [[Australia]], Iraq, [[India]], [[Holland]], [[Sweden]] and even the [[United States of America]].</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Prominent citizens were regularly created baronets until the election of [[Harold_Wilson|Harold Wilson's]] [[Labour]] Government in 1964. Creation of hereditary peers and baronets almost wholly ceased thereafter, the exceptions being the few hereditary peers (without heirs) cautiously created during [[Margaret_Thatcher|Margaret Thatcher's]] premiership, the traditional [[Earldom]] for retired [[Prime Minister]] [[Harold Macmillan]] and the baronetcy [[John Major]] was "persuaded" to create as an hereditary honour for [[Denis Thatcher]], husband of retired [[Prime Minister]], [[Margaret Thatcher]]<ref>Select Committee on Public Administration, Minutes of Evidence, Examination of Witness (Questions 860-879), 20 MAY 2004, RT HON JOHN MAJOR CH, http://www.publications.parliament.uk/pa/cm200304/cmselect/cmpubadm/212/4052005.htm</ref>. Otherwise, the tradition of creating hereditary honours and, therefore, baronetcies, has almost fully fallen out of favour in political circles.</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Prominent citizens were regularly created baronets until the election of [[Harold_Wilson|Harold Wilson's]] [[Labour]] Government in 1964. Creation of hereditary peers and baronets almost wholly ceased thereafter, the exceptions being the few hereditary peers (without heirs) cautiously created during [[Margaret_Thatcher|Margaret Thatcher's]] premiership, the traditional [[Earldom]] for retired [[Prime Minister]] [[Harold Macmillan]] and the baronetcy [[John Major]] was "persuaded" to create as an hereditary honour for [[Denis Thatcher]], husband of retired [[Prime Minister]], [[Margaret Thatcher]]<ref>Select Committee on Public Administration, Minutes of Evidence, Examination of Witness (Questions 860-879), 20 MAY 2004, RT HON JOHN MAJOR CH, http://www.publications.parliament.uk/pa/cm200304/cmselect/cmpubadm/212/4052005.htm</ref>. Otherwise, the tradition of creating hereditary honours and, therefore, baronetcies, has almost fully fallen out of favour in political circles.</div></td></tr>
</table>John Leachhttps://citizendium.org/wiki/index.php?title=United_Kingdom&diff=931042&oldid=928048United Kingdom2024-03-12T21:53:02Z<p>Text replacement - "<a href="/wiki/Iraq" title="Iraq">Iraq</a>" to "Iraq"</p>
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</tr><tr><td colspan="4" class="diff-multi" lang="en">(One intermediate revision by the same user not shown)</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno" id="mw-diff-left-l7">Line 7:</td>
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<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>==History==</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>==History==</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>The British people have acquired a genetic inheritance from immigrants including Celts, Romans, Saxons, Danes, Normans, and many others. </div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>The British people have acquired a genetic inheritance from immigrants including Celts, Romans, Saxons, Danes, Normans, and many others. </div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>An early cultural inheritance came from the [[Celts]] of central [[Europe]] and a further contribution came when missionaries established monasteries in the [[British Isles]]. Little cultural progress was made during the five centuries of [[Anglo-Saxon]] rule in England, however, and the technological knowledge that was lost when the Romans left was only slowly regained. Intellectual thought was dominated for several centuries by a religious establishment concerned mainly with the preservation of orthodoxy, and it was not until the [[Renaissance]] that inductive modes of reasoning became acceptable. The British constitutional inheritance has been the outcome of an intermittent progression from an unruly conglomeration of uncoordinated kingships into an orderly democratic nation. A transition from autocracy to constitutional monarchy happened by the transfer of power to deliberative assemblies in a succession of discrete steps that included the [[Magna Carta]] of 1215, the Bill of Rights of 1688, the Reform Act of 1867, and the Representation of the People Act of 1928. The dissolution of the rigid hierarchical structure of rights and obligations of the feudal system happened at an earlier stage in Britain than in other European countries and the resulting increase in labour mobility made possible the earlier development of the [[Industrial Revolution]] -and gave it a decisive, although temporary, economic advantage. As a result it was for a time, the world's richest and most powerful country. It acquired - and then lost - responsibility for managing the world's financial system, and for ruling an [[British Empire|Empire]] of almost a quarter of the world's population, covering a larger area than any other empire in history. In the course of the 20th century, it suffered major losses of its economic resources in two world wars and it gave independence to nearly all the former members its empire, and devolved a degree of legislative independence to [[Northern Ireland]], [[Wales]] and [[Scotland]]. It joined the [[European Union]] but did not adopt its common currency. It joined with the [[United States of America]] in the [[North Atlantic Treaty Organisation]], and supported it in wars in [[Korea]], Afghanistan and <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">[[</del>Iraq<del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">]]</del>, but not [[Vietnam]].</div></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>An early cultural inheritance came from the [[Celts]] of central [[Europe]] and a further contribution came when missionaries established monasteries in the [[British Isles]]. Little cultural progress was made during the five centuries of [[Anglo-Saxon]] rule in England, however, and the technological knowledge that was lost when the Romans left was only slowly regained. Intellectual thought was dominated for several centuries by a religious establishment concerned mainly with the preservation of orthodoxy, and it was not until the [[Renaissance]] that inductive modes of reasoning became acceptable. The British constitutional inheritance has been the outcome of an intermittent progression from an unruly conglomeration of uncoordinated kingships into an orderly democratic nation. A transition from autocracy to constitutional monarchy happened by the transfer of power to deliberative assemblies in a succession of discrete steps that included the [[Magna Carta]] of 1215, the Bill of Rights of 1688, the Reform Act of 1867, and the Representation of the People Act of 1928. The dissolution of the rigid hierarchical structure of rights and obligations of the feudal system happened at an earlier stage in Britain than in other European countries and the resulting increase in labour mobility made possible the earlier development of the [[Industrial Revolution]] -and gave it a decisive, although temporary, economic advantage. As a result it was for a time, the world's richest and most powerful country. It acquired - and then lost - responsibility for managing the world's financial system, and for ruling an [[British Empire|Empire]] of almost a quarter of the world's population, covering a larger area than any other empire in history. In the course of the 20th century, it suffered major losses of its economic resources in two world wars and it gave independence to nearly all the former members its empire, and devolved a degree of legislative independence to [[Northern Ireland]], [[Wales]] and [[Scotland]]. It joined the [[European Union]] but did not adopt its common currency. It joined with the [[United States of America]] in the [[North Atlantic Treaty Organisation]], and supported it in wars in [[Korea]], Afghanistan and Iraq, but not [[Vietnam]].</div></td></tr>
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<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>===Sport===</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>===Sport===</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>A number of major sports originated in the United Kingdom, including [[football <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">(soccer)</del>]], [[rugby football]] ([[rugby union]] and [[rugby league]]), [[golf]], [[cricket]], [[tennis]] and [[boxing]].</div></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>A number of major sports originated in the United Kingdom, including [[<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">association </ins>football]], [[rugby football]] ([[rugby union]] and [[rugby league]]), [[golf]], [[cricket]], [[tennis]] and [[boxing]].</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>The most popular sport in the country is association football, commonly referred to as just "football". The UK rarely competes as a nation in any major football tournament. Instead, the home nations compete individually as [[England national football team|England]], [[Northern Ireland national football team|Northern Ireland]], [[Scotland national football team|Scotland]] and [[Wales national football team|Wales]]. It is because of this unique four-team arrangement that the UK currently does not compete in football events at the [[Olympic Games]]. It is in this way that rugby football differs internationally to association football, as the England, Scotland, Wales, and Ireland (which includes Northern Ireland) teams do come together to form the [[British and Irish Lions]], though they do all compete separately internationally for the most part.</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>The most popular sport in the country is association football, commonly referred to as just "football". The UK rarely competes as a nation in any major football tournament. Instead, the home nations compete individually as [[England national football team|England]], [[Northern Ireland national football team|Northern Ireland]], [[Scotland national football team|Scotland]] and [[Wales national football team|Wales]]. It is because of this unique four-team arrangement that the UK currently does not compete in football events at the [[Olympic Games]]. It is in this way that rugby football differs internationally to association football, as the England, Scotland, Wales, and Ireland (which includes Northern Ireland) teams do come together to form the [[British and Irish Lions]], though they do all compete separately internationally for the most part.</div></td></tr>
</table>John Leachhttps://citizendium.org/wiki/index.php?title=Renaissance&diff=929925&oldid=889196Renaissance2024-03-09T20:04:23Z<p>Text replacement - "<a href="/wiki/index.php?title=Naples&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Naples (page does not exist)">Naples</a>" to "<a href="/wiki/Naples,_Italy" title="Naples, Italy">Naples, Italy</a>"</p>
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<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>''French Renaissance'' is a term used to describe the cultural and artistic movement that profoundly affected France from the late 15th century until the early 17th century. The period of the French Renaissance traditionally starts (roughly) with the French invasion of Italy in 1494 during the reign of [[Charles VIII of France|Charles VIII]] and ends with the death of [[Henry IV of France|Henry IV]] in 1610.</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>''French Renaissance'' is a term used to describe the cultural and artistic movement that profoundly affected France from the late 15th century until the early 17th century. The period of the French Renaissance traditionally starts (roughly) with the French invasion of Italy in 1494 during the reign of [[Charles VIII of France|Charles VIII]] and ends with the death of [[Henry IV of France|Henry IV]] in 1610.</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>A generally held view is that the Renaissance in France began with the expedition of Charles VIII to [[Naples]]. [[Louis XII of France|Louis XII]] and [[Francis I of France|Francis I]] spent a lot of energy to seize possession of Italian provinces. The wife of Henry II was [[Catherine de' Medici]], and her children, Charles IX and Henry III, became italianized French. In the period between 1494 and 1589 there was an ongoing cultural and diplomatic connection between France and Italy. Italians came to France as courtiers, ambassadors, businessmen and artists, the French upper class acquired a strong taste for Italian style, and the court adored the Italian culture and customs.</div></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>A generally held view is that the Renaissance in France began with the expedition of Charles VIII to [[Naples<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">, Italy</ins>]]. [[Louis XII of France|Louis XII]] and [[Francis I of France|Francis I]] spent a lot of energy to seize possession of Italian provinces. The wife of Henry II was [[Catherine de' Medici]], and her children, Charles IX and Henry III, became italianized French. In the period between 1494 and 1589 there was an ongoing cultural and diplomatic connection between France and Italy. Italians came to France as courtiers, ambassadors, businessmen and artists, the French upper class acquired a strong taste for Italian style, and the court adored the Italian culture and customs.</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>This Italian influence came to prominence in the [[school of Fontainebleau]], under the patronage of king Francis I. The architectural style that was developed by [[Bullant]], [[De l'Orme]] and [[Lescot]] however distinguished itself by a national personal touch, as demonstrated by the royal and princely palaces of Chenonceaux, Chambord, Anet Ecouen, [[Fontainebleau]], the [[Louvre Palace|Louvre]] and elsewhere. The style that emerged was a mix of fantasy and richness of decoration, combined with purity of lines and a great feeling of space.</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>This Italian influence came to prominence in the [[school of Fontainebleau]], under the patronage of king Francis I. The architectural style that was developed by [[Bullant]], [[De l'Orme]] and [[Lescot]] however distinguished itself by a national personal touch, as demonstrated by the royal and princely palaces of Chenonceaux, Chambord, Anet Ecouen, [[Fontainebleau]], the [[Louvre Palace|Louvre]] and elsewhere. The style that emerged was a mix of fantasy and richness of decoration, combined with purity of lines and a great feeling of space.</div></td></tr>
</table>Pat Palmerhttps://citizendium.org/wiki/index.php?title=Crusades&diff=929102&oldid=33402Crusades2024-03-08T18:11:25Z<p>Text replacement - "<a href="/wiki/War_on_terror" title="War on terror">War on terror</a>" to "War on terror"</p>
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<td colspan="2" style="background-color: #fff; color: #202122; text-align: center;">Revision as of 13:11, 8 March 2024</td>
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<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>====Impact on the East====</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>====Impact on the East====</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>A significant long-term cultural impact on the Muslim world is the resultant resentment, fear and distrust of Christian Europe, evidence of which as survived into the 21st century.<ref> Philip Khurl Pitti, "The Impact of the Crusades on Moslem Lands," in N. P. Zacour and H. W. Hazard, eds., [http://digicoll.library.wisc.edu/cgi-bin/History/History-idx?type=article&did=HISTORY.CRUSFIVE.I0015&isize=M ''The Impact of the Crusades on the Near East,'' (1985) pp. 33-58, online]; Car Hillenbrand, ''The Crusades, Islamic Perspectives''. (2000). </ref> When The US president [[George W. Bush]] described in 2001 the newly-defined <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">[[</del>War on terror<del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">]] </del>as a "Crusade", the Islamic world in particular was alarmed at what was widely considered to be ill-judged language.<ref> [http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/4938202.stm BBC Online - The Crusades: A history of conflict] </ref> In 2006, [[Osama bin Laden]], speaking from hiding, described Western policy towards the Muslim world as a "Zionist-Crusader war against Islam" <ref> [http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/4938202.stm BBC Online - The Crusades: A history of conflict] </ref></div></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>A significant long-term cultural impact on the Muslim world is the resultant resentment, fear and distrust of Christian Europe, evidence of which as survived into the 21st century.<ref> Philip Khurl Pitti, "The Impact of the Crusades on Moslem Lands," in N. P. Zacour and H. W. Hazard, eds., [http://digicoll.library.wisc.edu/cgi-bin/History/History-idx?type=article&did=HISTORY.CRUSFIVE.I0015&isize=M ''The Impact of the Crusades on the Near East,'' (1985) pp. 33-58, online]; Car Hillenbrand, ''The Crusades, Islamic Perspectives''. (2000). </ref> When The US president [[George W. Bush]] described in 2001 the newly-defined War on terror as a "Crusade", the Islamic world in particular was alarmed at what was widely considered to be ill-judged language.<ref> [http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/4938202.stm BBC Online - The Crusades: A history of conflict] </ref> In 2006, [[Osama bin Laden]], speaking from hiding, described Western policy towards the Muslim world as a "Zionist-Crusader war against Islam" <ref> [http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/4938202.stm BBC Online - The Crusades: A history of conflict] </ref></div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>===The Byzantine Empire===</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>===The Byzantine Empire===</div></td></tr>
</table>Pat Palmerhttps://citizendium.org/wiki/index.php?title=United_Kingdom&diff=928048&oldid=923910United Kingdom2024-03-07T16:34:38Z<p>Text replacement - "World Heritage Site" to "World Heritage site"</p>
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<td colspan="2" style="background-color: #fff; color: #202122; text-align: center;">Revision as of 11:34, 7 March 2024</td>
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<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Most of England consists of rolling lowland, divided east from west by mountains in the Northwest ([[Cumbrian Mountains]] of the [[Lake District]]) and north (the upland moors of the [[Pennines]]) and limestone hills of the [[Peak District]] by the [[Tees-Exe line]]. The lower limestone hills of the [[Isle of Purbeck]], [[Cotswolds]], [[Lincolnshire]] and [[chalk]] downs of the [[Southern England Chalk Formation]]. The main rivers and estuaries are the [[Thames]], [[Severn]] and the [[Humber|Humber Estuary]]. The largest urban area is [[Greater London]]. Near [[Dover, England|Dover]], the [[Channel Tunnel]] links the UK to [[France]].<ref> [https://www.cia.gov/cia/publications/factbook/geos/uk.html#Geo Geography of the United Kingdom] CIA, Accessed May 22 2006</ref> The highest mountain in England is [[Scafell Pike]] in the [[Lake District]], at 978m (3,208 ft).</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Most of England consists of rolling lowland, divided east from west by mountains in the Northwest ([[Cumbrian Mountains]] of the [[Lake District]]) and north (the upland moors of the [[Pennines]]) and limestone hills of the [[Peak District]] by the [[Tees-Exe line]]. The lower limestone hills of the [[Isle of Purbeck]], [[Cotswolds]], [[Lincolnshire]] and [[chalk]] downs of the [[Southern England Chalk Formation]]. The main rivers and estuaries are the [[Thames]], [[Severn]] and the [[Humber|Humber Estuary]]. The largest urban area is [[Greater London]]. Near [[Dover, England|Dover]], the [[Channel Tunnel]] links the UK to [[France]].<ref> [https://www.cia.gov/cia/publications/factbook/geos/uk.html#Geo Geography of the United Kingdom] CIA, Accessed May 22 2006</ref> The highest mountain in England is [[Scafell Pike]] in the [[Lake District]], at 978m (3,208 ft).</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>[[Scotland's geography]] is varied, with lowlands in the south and east and highlands in the north and west, including [[Ben Nevis]], the highest mountain in the British Isles at 1,343m (4,406&nbsp;ft). There are many long and deep-sea arms, [[firth]]s, and [[loch]]s. Scotland has nearly 800 [[Scottish islands|islands]], mainly west and north of the mainland, notably the [[Hebrides]], [[Orkney Islands]] and [[Shetland Islands]]. The capital city is [[Edinburgh]], the centre of which is a [[World Heritage <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Site</del>]]. The largest city is [[Glasgow]].<ref> [http://www.heritage-of-scotland.com/geog.htm Geography of Scotland] Heritage of Scotland, Accessed May 22 2006</ref> The UK has about 1,000 islands, with 700 in Scotland alone.<ref> [http://www.celticlegend.co.uk/dialysis/scotland.htm Dialysis Scotland] Accessed May 22, 2006</ref></div></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>[[Scotland's geography]] is varied, with lowlands in the south and east and highlands in the north and west, including [[Ben Nevis]], the highest mountain in the British Isles at 1,343m (4,406&nbsp;ft). There are many long and deep-sea arms, [[firth]]s, and [[loch]]s. Scotland has nearly 800 [[Scottish islands|islands]], mainly west and north of the mainland, notably the [[Hebrides]], [[Orkney Islands]] and [[Shetland Islands]]. The capital city is [[Edinburgh]], the centre of which is a [[World Heritage <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">site</ins>]]. The largest city is [[Glasgow]].<ref> [http://www.heritage-of-scotland.com/geog.htm Geography of Scotland] Heritage of Scotland, Accessed May 22 2006</ref> The UK has about 1,000 islands, with 700 in Scotland alone.<ref> [http://www.celticlegend.co.uk/dialysis/scotland.htm Dialysis Scotland] Accessed May 22, 2006</ref></div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Wales (''Cymru in [[Welsh language|Welsh]]'') is mostly mountainous, the highest peak being [[Snowdon]] (Yr Wyddfa) at 1,085m (3,560&nbsp;ft) above sea level. North of the mainland is the island of [[Anglesey]] (Ynys Môn). The largest city, [[Cardiff]] (Caerdydd), has been the Welsh capital since 1955.<ref> [http://www.bbc.co.uk/wales/culture/sites/aboutwales/pages/geography.shtml Geography of Wales] [[BBC]] Wales, Accessed May 22 2006</ref> The greatest concentration of people live in the south, in the cities of [[Swansea]] and [[Newport]], as well as Cardiff, and the South Wales Valleys. The largest town in North Wales is [[Wrexham]].</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Wales (''Cymru in [[Welsh language|Welsh]]'') is mostly mountainous, the highest peak being [[Snowdon]] (Yr Wyddfa) at 1,085m (3,560&nbsp;ft) above sea level. North of the mainland is the island of [[Anglesey]] (Ynys Môn). The largest city, [[Cardiff]] (Caerdydd), has been the Welsh capital since 1955.<ref> [http://www.bbc.co.uk/wales/culture/sites/aboutwales/pages/geography.shtml Geography of Wales] [[BBC]] Wales, Accessed May 22 2006</ref> The greatest concentration of people live in the south, in the cities of [[Swansea]] and [[Newport]], as well as Cardiff, and the South Wales Valleys. The largest town in North Wales is [[Wrexham]].</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Northern Ireland, making up the north-eastern part of Ireland, is mostly hilly. The capital is [[Belfast]] ('Béal Feirste' in [[Irish language|Irish]]), with other major cities being [[Derry|Londonderry/Derry]] ('Doire' in [[Irish language|Irish]]) and Armagh. The province includes one of the UK’s [[World Heritage <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Sites</del>]], the [[Giant's Causeway]], which consists of more than 40,000 hexagonal basalt columns up to 40 feet (12 m) high. [[Lough Neagh]], the largest body of water in the [[British Isles]] (388&nbsp;km²&nbsp;/&nbsp;150&nbsp;mi²), can be found in [[Northern Ireland]].<ref> [http://cain.ulst.ac.uk/ni/geog.htm Geography of Northern Ireland] [[University of Ulster]] Accessed May 22 2006]] </ref> The highest peak is [[Slieve Donard]] at 849m (2,786 ft) in the [[Mourne Mountains]].</div></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Northern Ireland, making up the north-eastern part of Ireland, is mostly hilly. The capital is [[Belfast]] ('Béal Feirste' in [[Irish language|Irish]]), with other major cities being [[Derry|Londonderry/Derry]] ('Doire' in [[Irish language|Irish]]) and Armagh. The province includes one of the UK’s [[World Heritage <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">sites</ins>]], the [[Giant's Causeway]], which consists of more than 40,000 hexagonal basalt columns up to 40 feet (12 m) high. [[Lough Neagh]], the largest body of water in the [[British Isles]] (388&nbsp;km²&nbsp;/&nbsp;150&nbsp;mi²), can be found in [[Northern Ireland]].<ref> [http://cain.ulst.ac.uk/ni/geog.htm Geography of Northern Ireland] [[University of Ulster]] Accessed May 22 2006]] </ref> The highest peak is [[Slieve Donard]] at 849m (2,786 ft) in the [[Mourne Mountains]].</div></td></tr>
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<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>===Climate===</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>===Climate===</div></td></tr>
</table>John Leachhttps://citizendium.org/wiki/index.php?title=Gold&diff=926152&oldid=900339Gold2024-03-06T14:16:45Z<p>Text replacement - "[[sulfur|" to "[[sulphur|"</p>
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<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>*The AuCl<sub>4</sub><sup>-</sup> ion after dissolving in [[aqua regia]]</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>*The AuCl<sub>4</sub><sup>-</sup> ion after dissolving in [[aqua regia]]</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>*[[Gold halide]]s ([[fluorine|F]],[[chlorine|Cl]],[[bromine|Br]],[[iodine|I]])</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>*[[Gold halide]]s ([[fluorine|F]],[[chlorine|Cl]],[[bromine|Br]],[[iodine|I]])</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>*[[Gold chalcogenides]] ([[oxygen|O]], [[<del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">sulfur</del>|S]], [[selenium|Se]],[[tellurium|Te]])</div></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>*[[Gold chalcogenides]] ([[oxygen|O]], [[<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">sulphur</ins>|S]], [[selenium|Se]],[[tellurium|Te]])</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>*[[Gold cyanide]]s, with the Au(CN)<sub>2</sub><sup>&ndash;</sup> ion, such as [[potassium gold cyanide]] KAu(CN)<sub>2</sub></div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>*[[Gold cyanide]]s, with the Au(CN)<sub>2</sub><sup>&ndash;</sup> ion, such as [[potassium gold cyanide]] KAu(CN)<sub>2</sub></div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>*[[Gold cluster compound]]s</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>*[[Gold cluster compound]]s</div></td></tr>
</table>John Leachhttps://citizendium.org/wiki/index.php?title=Italy&diff=923997&oldid=32132Italy2024-03-02T14:16:15Z<p>Text replacement - "<a href="/wiki/index.php?title=Immigration&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Immigration (page does not exist)">immigration</a>" to "immigration"</p>
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<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Today Italy is a [[developed country]] (7th by [[Gross domestic product|GDP]] and 17th by [[Human Development Index]] in the world), integral part of the European Union (having hosted the signing of the [[Treaty of Rome]] in 1957), and also a member of the [[G8]], [[NATO]], [[Council of Europe]], and [[United Nations]]. The current [[President of the Italian Republic]] is [[Giorgio Napolitano]], and the current [[President of the Council of Ministers of Italy|President of the Council of Ministers]] is [[Enrico Letta]]. Italy has a little less than 60 million inhabitants who mainly speak the [[Italian language]] (although considerable linguistic minorities exist), and struggles to accommodate constantly escalating <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">[[</del>immigration<del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">]] </del>(especially from [[Africa]] and [[Eastern Europe]]) in the transition towards a multi-ethnic society.</div></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Today Italy is a [[developed country]] (7th by [[Gross domestic product|GDP]] and 17th by [[Human Development Index]] in the world), integral part of the European Union (having hosted the signing of the [[Treaty of Rome]] in 1957), and also a member of the [[G8]], [[NATO]], [[Council of Europe]], and [[United Nations]]. The current [[President of the Italian Republic]] is [[Giorgio Napolitano]], and the current [[President of the Council of Ministers of Italy|President of the Council of Ministers]] is [[Enrico Letta]]. Italy has a little less than 60 million inhabitants who mainly speak the [[Italian language]] (although considerable linguistic minorities exist), and struggles to accommodate constantly escalating immigration (especially from [[Africa]] and [[Eastern Europe]]) in the transition towards a multi-ethnic society.</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>==History==</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>==History==</div></td></tr>
</table>John Leachhttps://citizendium.org/wiki/index.php?title=United_Kingdom&diff=923910&oldid=918504United Kingdom2024-03-02T13:55:07Z<p>Text replacement - "<a href="/wiki/Ireland" class="mw-redirect" title="Ireland">Irish</a>" to "Irish"</p>
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<td colspan="2" style="background-color: #fff; color: #202122; text-align: center;">Revision as of 08:55, 2 March 2024</td>
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<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Golf is one of the most popular participation sports played in the UK, and [[St Andrews]] in Scotland is the sport's home course. Cricket is also popular, though much more in England than in other parts of the UK; all four constituent nations compete at the One-Day International level &ndash; Scotland independently, Wales as part of the English team, and Northern Ireland as part of all-Ireland.</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Golf is one of the most popular participation sports played in the UK, and [[St Andrews]] in Scotland is the sport's home course. Cricket is also popular, though much more in England than in other parts of the UK; all four constituent nations compete at the One-Day International level &ndash; Scotland independently, Wales as part of the English team, and Northern Ireland as part of all-Ireland.</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>[[Shinty|Shinty or camanachd]] (a sport derived from the same root as the <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">[[Ireland|</del>Irish<del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">]] </del>[[hurling]] and similar to [[bandy]]) is popular in the [[Scottish Highlands]], sometimes attracting crowds numbering thousands in the most sparsely populated region of the UK.</div></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>[[Shinty|Shinty or camanachd]] (a sport derived from the same root as the Irish [[hurling]] and similar to [[bandy]]) is popular in the [[Scottish Highlands]], sometimes attracting crowds numbering thousands in the most sparsely populated region of the UK.</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>The country is closely associated with [[motorsport]]. Many teams and drivers in [[Formula One]] and the [[World Rally Championship]] are based in the UK. The country also hosts legs of the F1 and World Rallying Championship calendars and has its own [[Touring Car Racing]] championship, the [[BTCC]].</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>The country is closely associated with [[motorsport]]. Many teams and drivers in [[Formula One]] and the [[World Rally Championship]] are based in the UK. The country also hosts legs of the F1 and World Rallying Championship calendars and has its own [[Touring Car Racing]] championship, the [[BTCC]].</div></td></tr>
</table>John Leachhttps://citizendium.org/wiki/index.php?title=Europe&diff=923804&oldid=918920Europe2024-03-02T13:53:35Z<p>Text replacement - "<a href="/wiki/Ireland" class="mw-redirect" title="Ireland">Ireland</a>" to "Ireland"</p>
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<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>The use of the terms "Western Europe" and "Eastern Europe" in the following paragraphs follows the conventional usage based upon the political divisions that emerged immediately after World War II - a categorisation that in several instances is at odds with their geographical positions. An earlier term, "Middle Europe" (mitteleuropa) has largely passed out of active usage except among historians.</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>The use of the terms "Western Europe" and "Eastern Europe" in the following paragraphs follows the conventional usage based upon the political divisions that emerged immediately after World War II - a categorisation that in several instances is at odds with their geographical positions. An earlier term, "Middle Europe" (mitteleuropa) has largely passed out of active usage except among historians.</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Western Europe is assumed to include: the [[British Isles]] ([[United Kingdom]], <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">[[</del>Ireland<del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">]]</del>); the central western mainland ([[France]], [[Monaco]]) and the "Benelux" countries ([[Belgium]], [[Netherlands]], [[Luxembourg]]) and [[Germany]]; the [[Iberian Peninsula]] ([[Spain]], [[Portugal]], [[Andorra]]); the Italian peninsula ([[Italy]], [[San Marino]], [[Vatican City]]); the [[Scandinavia|Scandinavian countries]] ([[Norway]], [[Sweden]], [[Finland]], [[Iceland]], [[Denmark]]); the Alpine Countries ([[Switzerland]], [[Liechtenstein]], [[Austria]], [[Slovenia]]), and the [[Mediterranean]] countries of [[Cyprus]], [[Greece]], [[Malta]] and [[Turkey]].</div></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Western Europe is assumed to include: the [[British Isles]] ([[United Kingdom]], Ireland); the central western mainland ([[France]], [[Monaco]]) and the "Benelux" countries ([[Belgium]], [[Netherlands]], [[Luxembourg]]) and [[Germany]]; the [[Iberian Peninsula]] ([[Spain]], [[Portugal]], [[Andorra]]); the Italian peninsula ([[Italy]], [[San Marino]], [[Vatican City]]); the [[Scandinavia|Scandinavian countries]] ([[Norway]], [[Sweden]], [[Finland]], [[Iceland]], [[Denmark]]); the Alpine Countries ([[Switzerland]], [[Liechtenstein]], [[Austria]], [[Slovenia]]), and the [[Mediterranean]] countries of [[Cyprus]], [[Greece]], [[Malta]] and [[Turkey]].</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Eastern Europe is assumed to include [[Albania]], [[Slovenia]] and the former [[Yugoslavia|Yugoslav]] countries ([[Bosnia]], [[Croatia]], [[Montenegro]], and [[Serbia]]}; the other Balkans countries of [[Bulgaria]] and [[Romania]]: the Baltic States ([[Estonia]], [[Latvia]], and [[Lithuania]]); the Central European "Visegrad Group" ([[Poland]], [[Czech Republic]], [[Slovakia]], [[Hungary]]); and the former members of the Soviet Union, the "[[Newly Independent States]] (NIS)" ([[Armenia]], [[Azerbaijan]], [[Belarus]], [[Georgia]], [[Kazakhstan]], [[Moldova]] and the [[Ukraine]]) and [[Russia]].</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Eastern Europe is assumed to include [[Albania]], [[Slovenia]] and the former [[Yugoslavia|Yugoslav]] countries ([[Bosnia]], [[Croatia]], [[Montenegro]], and [[Serbia]]}; the other Balkans countries of [[Bulgaria]] and [[Romania]]: the Baltic States ([[Estonia]], [[Latvia]], and [[Lithuania]]); the Central European "Visegrad Group" ([[Poland]], [[Czech Republic]], [[Slovakia]], [[Hungary]]); and the former members of the Soviet Union, the "[[Newly Independent States]] (NIS)" ([[Armenia]], [[Azerbaijan]], [[Belarus]], [[Georgia]], [[Kazakhstan]], [[Moldova]] and the [[Ukraine]]) and [[Russia]].</div></td></tr>
</table>John Leachhttps://citizendium.org/wiki/index.php?title=Portuguese_language&diff=922922&oldid=888477Portuguese language2024-02-28T15:09:40Z<p>Text replacement - "<a href="/wiki/China" class="mw-redirect" title="China">China</a>" to "China"</p>
<table style="background-color: #fff; color: #202122;" data-mw="interface">
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<td colspan="2" style="background-color: #fff; color: #202122; text-align: center;">Revision as of 10:09, 28 February 2024</td>
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<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>| name = Portuguese</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>| name = Portuguese</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>| nativename = {{lang|pt|português}}</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>| nativename = {{lang|pt|português}}</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>| region = [[Portugal]], [[Brazil]], [[Angola]], [[Mozambique]], [[Cape Verde]], [[Macau]] in <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">[[</del>China<del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">]]</del>, and [[São Tomé e Principe]].</div></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>| region = [[Portugal]], [[Brazil]], [[Angola]], [[Mozambique]], [[Cape Verde]], [[Macau]] in China, and [[São Tomé e Principe]].</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>| nation = [[Angola]], [[Brazil]], [[Cape Verde]], [[East Timor]], [[European Union]], [[Guinea Bissau]], [[Macau|Chinese S.A.R. of Macau]], [[Mozambique]], [[Portugal]], [[São Tomé and Príncipe]]</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>| nation = [[Angola]], [[Brazil]], [[Cape Verde]], [[East Timor]], [[European Union]], [[Guinea Bissau]], [[Macau|Chinese S.A.R. of Macau]], [[Mozambique]], [[Portugal]], [[São Tomé and Príncipe]]</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>| speakers = 220 million</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>| speakers = 220 million</div></td></tr>
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<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Portuguese and [[Galician language|Galician]] form a language continuum (a [[diasystem]]) called '''[[Galician-Portuguese language|Galician-Portuguese]]''', often considered as a sole language, which originated in [[Galicia (Spain)|Galicia]] and northern [[Portugal]] (the [[Ancient Rome|Roman]] [[Gallaecia]]). </div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Portuguese and [[Galician language|Galician]] form a language continuum (a [[diasystem]]) called '''[[Galician-Portuguese language|Galician-Portuguese]]''', often considered as a sole language, which originated in [[Galicia (Spain)|Galicia]] and northern [[Portugal]] (the [[Ancient Rome|Roman]] [[Gallaecia]]). </div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Portuguese is [[List of languages by number of native speakers|ranked]] sixth among the world's languages in number of native speakers (over 200 million), and first in South America (186 million, over 51% of the population). It is also a major [[lingua franca]] in Africa. It spread worldwide in the 15th and 16th century as Portugal set up a vast [[Portuguese Empire|colonial and commercial empire]] (1415&ndash;1999), spanning from Brazil in the [[Americas]] to [[Macau]] in <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">[[</del>China<del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">]]</del>. In that colonial period, many [[Portuguese Creole|Portuguese creoles]] appeared around the world, especially in [[Africa]], [[Asia]] and the [[Caribbean]].</div></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Portuguese is [[List of languages by number of native speakers|ranked]] sixth among the world's languages in number of native speakers (over 200 million), and first in South America (186 million, over 51% of the population). It is also a major [[lingua franca]] in Africa. It spread worldwide in the 15th and 16th century as Portugal set up a vast [[Portuguese Empire|colonial and commercial empire]] (1415&ndash;1999), spanning from Brazil in the [[Americas]] to [[Macau]] in China. In that colonial period, many [[Portuguese Creole|Portuguese creoles]] appeared around the world, especially in [[Africa]], [[Asia]] and the [[Caribbean]].</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Portuguese is often nicknamed ''The language of [[Luís de Camões|Camões]]'', after the author of the Portuguese [[national epic]] ''[[The Lusiadas]]''; ''The last flower of [[Latium]]'' ([[Olavo Bilac]]); and ''The sweet language'' by [[Miguel de Cervantes|Cervantes]].</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Portuguese is often nicknamed ''The language of [[Luís de Camões|Camões]]'', after the author of the Portuguese [[national epic]] ''[[The Lusiadas]]''; ''The last flower of [[Latium]]'' ([[Olavo Bilac]]); and ''The sweet language'' by [[Miguel de Cervantes|Cervantes]].</div></td></tr>
</table>John Leachhttps://citizendium.org/wiki/index.php?title=Castle&diff=922334&oldid=418974Castle2024-02-25T15:09:57Z<p>Text replacement - "<a href="/wiki/War" title="War">war</a>" to "war"</p>
<table style="background-color: #fff; color: #202122;" data-mw="interface">
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<td colspan="2" style="background-color: #fff; color: #202122; text-align: center;">← Older revision</td>
<td colspan="2" style="background-color: #fff; color: #202122; text-align: center;">Revision as of 10:09, 25 February 2024</td>
</tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno" id="mw-diff-left-l3">Line 3:</td>
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<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>A '''castle''' is a building which was designed to protect people and property inside, and typically belonged to an important or wealthy person such as a [[lord]] or [[monarchy|monarch]]. Castles originated in the [[Middle Ages]] and were built for several centuries. Today most castles are either forgotten ruins or [[tourism|tourist]] attractions. </div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>A '''castle''' is a building which was designed to protect people and property inside, and typically belonged to an important or wealthy person such as a [[lord]] or [[monarchy|monarch]]. Castles originated in the [[Middle Ages]] and were built for several centuries. Today most castles are either forgotten ruins or [[tourism|tourist]] attractions. </div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>While a [[fort]] may well be a simple, temporary structure, frequently with a [[military]] focus, castles were often at the heart of [[Middle Ages|medieval]] communities. A castle might well have served as a focal point for [[trade]] as well as <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">[[war]]fare</del>, and a settlement would grow in or around its grounds. The local lord would collect [[tax]]es from the local populace in return for the castle's protection. In wartime, [[siege]]s could go on for months or even years, with the castle's defenders surviving on water drawn from the castle's own wells, and food stockpiled in its chambers.</div></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>While a [[fort]] may well be a simple, temporary structure, frequently with a [[military]] focus, castles were often at the heart of [[Middle Ages|medieval]] communities. A castle might well have served as a focal point for [[trade]] as well as <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">warfare</ins>, and a settlement would grow in or around its grounds. The local lord would collect [[tax]]es from the local populace in return for the castle's protection. In wartime, [[siege]]s could go on for months or even years, with the castle's defenders surviving on water drawn from the castle's own wells, and food stockpiled in its chambers.</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>[[Image:Himeji Castle.jpg|left|thumb|250px|{{Himeji Castle.jpg/credit}}<br/>Sixteenth-century [[Himeji Castle]] is a UNESCO [[World Heritage site]]; unusually for [[Castles in Japan|Japan]], the castle is built of wood rather than stone.]]</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>[[Image:Himeji Castle.jpg|left|thumb|250px|{{Himeji Castle.jpg/credit}}<br/>Sixteenth-century [[Himeji Castle]] is a UNESCO [[World Heritage site]]; unusually for [[Castles in Japan|Japan]], the castle is built of wood rather than stone.]]</div></td></tr>
</table>John Leachhttps://citizendium.org/wiki/index.php?title=Battle&diff=922295&oldid=753814Battle2024-02-25T15:09:46Z<p>Text replacement - "<a href="/wiki/War" title="War">war</a>" to "war"</p>
<table style="background-color: #fff; color: #202122;" data-mw="interface">
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<td colspan="2" style="background-color: #fff; color: #202122; text-align: center;">Revision as of 10:09, 25 February 2024</td>
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<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>{{subpages}}</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>{{subpages}}</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>A '''battle''' is an instance of armed combat in which military opponents attempt to defeat each other. Battles are usually considered to be one instance of conflict, even though they may be protracted (long and drawn out) and take place over hours or days. Successive military battles are often part of a larger <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">[[</del>war<del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">]]</del>.</div></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>A '''battle''' is an instance of armed combat in which military opponents attempt to defeat each other. Battles are usually considered to be one instance of conflict, even though they may be protracted (long and drawn out) and take place over hours or days. Successive military battles are often part of a larger war.</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>When several battles with the same goal are fought over time, they are often termed a [[campaign (military)|campaign]], which indicates both their focus and the fact that the battles took place over a lengthy period.</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>When several battles with the same goal are fought over time, they are often termed a [[campaign (military)|campaign]], which indicates both their focus and the fact that the battles took place over a lengthy period.</div></td></tr>
</table>John Leachhttps://citizendium.org/wiki/index.php?title=Taxation&diff=921709&oldid=12338Taxation2024-02-23T15:49:29Z<p>Text replacement - "World War 1" to "World War I"</p>
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<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Modern tax systems had their origins in the 18th century in the United States<ref>[http://www.treasury.gov/education/fact-sheets/taxes/ustax.shtml ''History of the US Tax System'', US Department of the Treasury Fact Sheet, 2009]</ref> and in Britain<ref>[http://www.hmrc.gov.uk/history/ ''A Brief History of Income Tax'' H M Revenue and Customs, 2009]</ref>. During World War <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">1 </del>the standard rate of income tax in Britain rose from 6 per cent to 30 per cent. </div></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Modern tax systems had their origins in the 18th century in the United States<ref>[http://www.treasury.gov/education/fact-sheets/taxes/ustax.shtml ''History of the US Tax System'', US Department of the Treasury Fact Sheet, 2009]</ref> and in Britain<ref>[http://www.hmrc.gov.uk/history/ ''A Brief History of Income Tax'' H M Revenue and Customs, 2009]</ref>. During World War <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">I </ins>the standard rate of income tax in Britain rose from 6 per cent to 30 per cent. </div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div> </div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div> </div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Tax revenues in the developed countries now amount, typically, to 30 to 40 per cent of GDP, compared with 10 to 15 per cent at the beginning of the 20th century.</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Tax revenues in the developed countries now amount, typically, to 30 to 40 per cent of GDP, compared with 10 to 15 per cent at the beginning of the 20th century.</div></td></tr>
</table>Pat Palmerhttps://citizendium.org/wiki/index.php?title=German_language&diff=919258&oldid=26707German language2024-02-18T17:58:21Z<p>Text replacement - "<a href="/wiki/index.php?title=American_people&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="American people (page does not exist)">American</a>" to "<a href="/wiki/United_States_of_America" title="United States of America">American</a>"</p>
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<td colspan="2" style="background-color: #fff; color: #202122; text-align: center;">Revision as of 12:58, 18 February 2024</td>
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<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>'''German''' (in its own language: ''Deutsch'') is a West [[Germanic language]], the official language of [[Germany]], [[Austria]] and [[Liechtenstein]], one of several official languages in [[Switzerland]] and [[Belgium]], and also spoken in [[Italy]] and [[Denmark]]. It is also used for various official purposes in [[Luxembourg]] alongside [[Luxembourgish]], which was previously regarded as one of the many [[German dialects]]. ''Hochdeutsch'', 'High German', is the standard version of German as taught in [[education|schools]] and used by the [[media]], [[business]], and [[government]].</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>'''German''' (in its own language: ''Deutsch'') is a West [[Germanic language]], the official language of [[Germany]], [[Austria]] and [[Liechtenstein]], one of several official languages in [[Switzerland]] and [[Belgium]], and also spoken in [[Italy]] and [[Denmark]]. It is also used for various official purposes in [[Luxembourg]] alongside [[Luxembourgish]], which was previously regarded as one of the many [[German dialects]]. ''Hochdeutsch'', 'High German', is the standard version of German as taught in [[education|schools]] and used by the [[media]], [[business]], and [[government]].</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>The German dialects are spoken throughout [[Germany]], [[Austria]] and elsewhere. Over 100 million people count some variety of German as a [[native language]]<ref name="TheWorldAlmanac2000">{{cite web|url=http://www.amazon.com/World-Almanac-Book-Facts-2000/dp/0886878489/ref=sr_1_1/103-5349826-6571825?ie=UTF8&s=books&qid=1175731974&sr=8-1|title=The World Almanac and Book of Facts, 2000|publisher=World Almanac Books|date=November 2000|accessdate=2007-04-02}}</ref>, and it remains an important [[second language]] for millions more, from [[<del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">American people</del>|American]]s interested in the language as a link to their forefathers, to [[business]] people, [[politics|politicians]] and [[student]]s who need to [[communication|communicate]] with their customers, colleagues and peers. There is also a large corpus of writings in German, on literature, philosophy, psychology, mathematics, and other fields, that is of interest to a wide international audience.</div></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>The German dialects are spoken throughout [[Germany]], [[Austria]] and elsewhere. Over 100 million people count some variety of German as a [[native language]]<ref name="TheWorldAlmanac2000">{{cite web|url=http://www.amazon.com/World-Almanac-Book-Facts-2000/dp/0886878489/ref=sr_1_1/103-5349826-6571825?ie=UTF8&s=books&qid=1175731974&sr=8-1|title=The World Almanac and Book of Facts, 2000|publisher=World Almanac Books|date=November 2000|accessdate=2007-04-02}}</ref>, and it remains an important [[second language]] for millions more, from [[<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">United States of America</ins>|American]]s interested in the language as a link to their forefathers, to [[business]] people, [[politics|politicians]] and [[student]]s who need to [[communication|communicate]] with their customers, colleagues and peers. There is also a large corpus of writings in German, on literature, philosophy, psychology, mathematics, and other fields, that is of interest to a wide international audience.</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>==Dialect and Standard Language==</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>==Dialect and Standard Language==</div></td></tr>
</table>Pat Palmer