Politics > Related Articles
From Citizendium, the Citizens' Compendium
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Contents |
Parent topics
- Civic culture [r]: Related political and social attitudes crucial to the success of modern democracies. [e]
- Economics [r]: The analysis of the production, distribution, and consumption of goods and services. [e]
- Financial system [r]: the interactive system of organisations that serve as intermediaries between lenders and borrowers. [e]
- Government [r]: System by which a community or nation is controlled and regulated. [e]
- Philosophy [r]: The study of the meaning and justification of beliefs about the most general, or universal, aspects of things. [e]
- Political philosophy [r]: Branch of philosophy that deals with fundamental questions about politics. [e]
- Communism [r]: A political ideology, and also a system of government, according to which the means of production (including all large business concerns) should be controlled by the government. [e]
- Democracy [r]: A form of government in which ultimate sovereignty rests with the people. [e]
- Islamism [r]: A Muslim committed to the establishment of a theocracy under Sharia; opposed to secular government but not necessarily modernization (i.e., not necessarily Salafist) [e]
- Utilitarianism [r]: Philosophical doctrine created by Jeremy Bentham and James Mill which states that an action can be considered good to the extent that it increases the general level of happiness in society. [e]
- Political philosophy [r]: Branch of philosophy that deals with fundamental questions about politics. [e]
- Pseudostate [r]: A term put forward by the author and journalist Adam Hochschild to refer to political states or regions where power rests with a government or organisation either outside the country or in some way unaccountable - for example, a local militia. [e]}
- Public expenditure [r]: Spending by the public sector [e]
- Public good [r]: Products and services that can only be collectively financed because it is not feasible to require individual users to pay for using them. [e]
- Prerogative power [r]: A legal doctrine that empowers a head of state or government to act beyond the laws of a nation, when the supreme national interests of that nation are involved [e]
- Social capital [r]: the community's productive assets other than its physical capital - comprising those social relationships, ideologies and institutions that contribute to production. [e]
- Social contract [r]: Agreement among the members of an organized society or between the governed and the government defining and limiting the rights and duties of each. [e]
Subtopics
General ideologies
- Checks and balances [r]: Add brief definition or description
- Conservatism [r]: Political principles and practices that oppose radical reform, emphasising respect for existing institutions and traditions, and often involving support for the free enterprise capitalism. [e]
- Identity politics [r]: Definition of political action not based on ideology, but on shared ethnicity, religion, or other grouping that often is perceived to reflect a common experience of oppression [e]
- Liberalism [r]: Economic and political doctrine advocating free enterprise, free competition and free will. [e]
- Libertarianism [r]: A political ideology that regards individual freedom as having the highest value in society. [e]
- Socialism [r]: Any socio-economic system in which property and distribution of wealth are controlled by a community, by cooperation law. [e]
- Totalitarianism [r]: Any political system, or ideologies that support such a system, in which a centralized political authority controls every aspects of life. [e]
- Marxist-Leninism [r]: Add brief definition or description
- Naziism [r]: Add brief definition or description
- Fascism [r]: Political ideology of the far right that seeks national unity through patriotism, collectivism, subservience of the individual and opposition to liberalism. [e]
- Realism (foreign policy) [r]: A concept, in foreign policy, that actors can cooperate on matters of common external concern, without attempting to reform one anothers' internal structures [e]
National ideologies and groups
- America at the Crossroads: Democracy, Power, and the Neoconservative Legacy [r]: A 2006 book by Francis Fukuyama, examining the role of neoconservatism in American foreign policy, its execution by the George W. Bush Administration, and a proposed evolved political philosophy to replace it [e]
- American conservatism [r]: A diverse mix of political ideologies in opposition to liberalism, socialism, secularism and communism. [e]
- American progressivism [r]: A changing term in American political ideology, from the Progressive Era to the Cold War to the present time, when it tends to refer to a wide spectrum from center-left to far left, often positioned as an alternative to American conservatism [e]
- Dominionism [r]: Theological and ideological systems that hold that the United States of America should be an officially Christian nation [e]
- National Socialism [r]: The totalitarian ideology of Adolph Hitler and the German Nazi Party. [e]
- Neoconservatism [r]: A political philosophy and ideology which combines many traditional conservative opinions with an emphasis on the importance of foriegn policy and using American power to push democracy forward. [e]
- Peronism [r]: Add brief definition or description
- Personalism [r]: Add brief definition or description
Political theories
- Keynesianism [r]: Economic theorists who have developed the theory originated by John Maynard Keynes which advocates the use of fiscal policy to maintain economic stability. [e]
- Monetarism [r]: a theory that explains inflation as the inevitable consequence of an increase in the money supply. [e]
Political systems
- Aristocracy [r]: A form of government in which power is held by a select group of people. [e]
- Constitutional Monarchy [r]: Add brief definition or description
- Democracy [r]: A form of government in which ultimate sovereignty rests with the people. [e]
- Monarchy [r]: A form of government in which a single person, or monarch, is the head of state. [e]
- Oligarchy [r]: A form of government in which political power is vested in a small group or faction [e]
- Republic [r]: A form of government in which political power and authority is derived from the citizenry, and not from a monarch, whether hereditary or "tyrannical" (ie, a dictator). [e]
- Theocracy [r]: Add brief definition or description
- Totalitarianism [r]: Any political system, or ideologies that support such a system, in which a centralized political authority controls every aspects of life. [e]
Political thinkers
- Jeremy Bentham [r]: Add brief definition or description
- James Buchanan [r]: Only U.S. President (15th), 1857-1861, that never married. Democratic Senator and Secretary of State under President James K. Polk. [e]
- Milton Friedman [r]: Capitalist, libertarian economist and political theorist and winner of the 1976 Nobel Prize in Economics. [e]
- Francis Fukuyama [r]: Professor at the School of Advanced International Studies, Johns Hopkins University, author and government adviser on global development and foreign policy; in and out of neoconservatism; adjunct fellow, Hudson Institute; director, National Endowment for Democracy, New America Foundation [e]
- Robert Nozick [r]: (1938–2002) American political philosopher, known for Anarchy, State, and Utopia, which espoused libertarianism, minarchism and capitalism. [e]
- Thomas Hobbes [r]: English political philosopher of the 17th century. [e]
- Immanuel Kant [r]: (1724–1804) German idealist and Enlightenment philosopher who tried to transcend empiricism and rationalism in the Critique of Pure Reason. [e]
- John Maynard Keynes [r]: 20th-century English economist who advocated using government spending and taxation to influence the economy. [e]
- John Locke [r]: John Locke (29 August 1632 – 28 October 1704) English empiricist philosopher. [e]
- Niccolò Machiavelli [r]: Add brief definition or description
- Karl Marx [r]: (1818–1883) The most important of all socialist thinkers and the creator of a system of thought called Marxism, and the political system called Communism. [e]
- John Stuart Mill [r]: (1806–1873) British political philosopher, ethicist, civil servant and Member of Parliament, most noted for his defense of liberalism in On Liberty. [e]
- Plato [r]: (circa 427-347 BCE) Ancient Greek philosopher, whose dialogues, supposedly recording conversations with Socrates, contain many of the debates central to Western philosophy. [e]
- John Rawls [r]: American liberal political philosopher and professor at Harvard University (b. 1921, d. 2002). [e]
- Adam Smith [r]: Scottish moral philosopher and political economist (1723-1790), a major contributor to the modern perception of free market economics; author of Wealth of Nations (1776). [e]
- Socrates [r]: (ca. 470–399 BCE) Greek philosopher who is credited with laying the foundations of western philosophy; sentenced to death in Athens for heresy. [e]
Political Writing
- The Prince [r]: A book on politics by Niccolo Machiavelli. [e]
- Common Sense (Thomas Paine) [r]: A pamphlet written by Thomas Paine during the American Revolution, originally published on January 10, 1776 in Philadelphia. [e]
Political institutions
- Congresses of the United States [r]: Numbered sessions in which particular sets of elected members of the U.S. Congress convened and performed legislative duties; the 111th Congress convened in January 2009 [e]
- European Union [r]: Hybrid intergovernmental and supranational organization, which consists of 27 European states. [e]
- House of Commons (United Kingdom) [r]: Lower house of the Parliament in the United Kingdom, situated in London's Palace of Westminster. [e]
- House of Lords [r]: The upper chamber of the Parliament of the United Kingdom. [e]
- U.S. House of Representatives [r]: The lower house of the United States Congress. [e]
- International Court of Justice [r]: Add brief definition or description
- International Monetary Fund [r]: International organization that oversees the global financial system by stabilizing international exchange rates and facilitating development, and offering highly leveraged loans mainly to poorer countries. [e]
- Political party [r]: An organization that seeks to advance the interests of its members by obtaining political power [e]
- United Nations [r]: An international organization that was founded in 1945 with the mission of preventing international war, protecting human rights, supporting social progress and justice, and helping with economic progress. [e]
Political policies
- Fiscal policy [r]: The use of taxation and public expenditure to influence economic activity or the distribution of income and wealth. [e]
- U.S. foreign policy [r]: The foreign relations and diplomacy of the United States since 1775. [e]
Politicians
- John Adams [r]: Add brief definition or description
- John Quincy Adams [r]: (1767-1848) was the sixth president of the United States (1825-1829), and the son of President John Adams (1797-1801). [e]
- Clement Atlee [r]: Add brief definition or description
- Tony Blair [r]: Labour Party politician and Prime Minister of the United Kingdom (1997-2007). [e]
- Gordon Brown [r]: Prime Minister of the United Kingdom since June 2007; Leader of the Labour Party (born 1951). [e]
- William Jennings Bryan [r]: (March 19, 1860 – July 26, 1925) American politician, Democratic presidential nominee and lawyer in the Scopes Trial. [e]
- Edmund Burke [r]: (1729–97) British political thinker who opposed the French Revolution and developed a coherent conservate philosophy. [e]
- George H. W. Bush [r]: (1924–) 41st U.S. President (Republican), elected in 1988 and serving one term; Director of Central Intelligence; U.S. Ambassador to China; youngest naval aviator in WWII [e]
- George W. Bush [r]: (1946–) 43rd U.S. President (Republican), elected in 2000 and re-elected in 2004. [e]
- James Callaghan [r]: (27 March 1912 - 26 March 2005), British Labour prime minister of the United Kingdom, serving one term 1976 to 1980. [e]
- David Cameron [r]: Leader of the UK Conservative Party and Leader of the Opposition in the UK Parliament since December 2005; Member of Parliament for Witney since May 2001 (born 1966). [e]
- Jimmy Carter [r]: President of the USA from 1977 to 1981, won the Nobel Peace Prize in 2002. [e]
- Neville Chamberlain [r]: (18 March 1869 – 9 November 1940) British Conservative prime minister of the United Kingdom, serving one term between 1937 to 1940. [e]
- Winston Churchill [r]: (1874 -1965) Prime Minister who led Britain to victory over Nazi Germany in World War II; Nobel Prize in Literature as a historian [e]
- Bill Clinton [r]: Add brief definition or description
- Calvin Coolidge [r]: President of the United States 1923-1929, who took office after President Warren G. Harding's death. [e]
- Oliver Cromwell [r]: (1599-1658) English soldier, statesman, and leader of the Puritan revolution, nicknamed "Old Ironsides". [e]
- Anthony Eden [r]: (12 June 1897 - 14 January 1977) British Conservative prime minister of the United Kingdom, serving one term between 1955 to 1957. [e]
- Dwight D. Eisenhower [r]: (1890-1969) A career soldier who was the top Allied commander in Europe in World War II, and who later served as the 34th president of the United States (1953-1961). [e]
- Benjamin Franklin [r]: 1706-1790, American statesman and scientist, based in Philadelphia. [e]
- David Lloyd George [r]: British Prime Minister who played a major role in World War One and the Anglo-Irish War. Commonly known as the 'Welsh Wizard' by the press and electorate. [e]
- Mikhail Gorbachev [r]: (1931—) Last leader of the Soviet Union, appointed in 1985. [e]
- Adolf Hitler [r]: Dictator of Germany (1933-45) and first highly visible leader of the Nazi (National Socialist German Workers' Party). [e]
- Thomas Jefferson [r]: (1743-1826) Third President of the United States and author of the Declaration of Independence. [e]
- Lyndon B. Johnson [r]: American politician (1908-1973); president 1963–1969; known for his civil rights bills and "The Great Society". [e]
- Edward Kennedy [r]: (February 22, 1932 – August 25, 2009) known as Ted Kennedy, a United States Senator from Massachusetts. He was the youngest brother of former U.S. President John F. Kennedy and Robert Kennedy. [e]
- John F. Kennedy [r]: American politician (1917-1963); president 1961-1963; assassinated in Dallas. [e]
- Henry Kissinger [r]: (1923—) American academic, diplomat, and simultaneously Assistant to the President for National Security Affairs and Secretary of State in the Nixon Administration; promoted realism (foreign policy) and détente with China and the Soviet Union; shared 1973 Nobel Peace Prize for ending the Vietnam War; Director, Atlantic Council [e]
- Andrew Bonar Law [r]: (16 September 1858 – 30 October 1923) Canadian-born British Conservative Party statesman and Prime Minister, and the only British PM to have been born outside the British Isles. [e]
- Harold Macmillan [r]: (10 February 1894 – 29 December 1986) British Conservative prime minister of the United Kingdom, serving two terms between 1957 to 1963. [e]
- George C. Marshall [r]: Army Chief of Staff (WWII), Secretary of State, Secretary of Defense (Korean War)and sponsor of the Marshall Plan. [e]
- Angela Merkel [r]: German politician, current Chancellor of Germany (since 2005) [e]
- James Monroe [r]: (1758-1831) The fifth president of the United States (1817-1825), best known for sponsoring the Monroe Doctrine, and for presiding over a lessening of partisan tensions known as the "Era of Good Feelings." [e]
- Robert Mugabe [r]: current president of the Republic of Zimbabwe and leader of the Zimbabwe African National Union – Patriotic Front (ZANU-PF). [e]
- Napoleon [r]: Noted military commander, world historic figure and dictator of France from 1799 to 1814 [e]
- Richard Nixon [r]: American politician (1913–1994); President of the United States 1969–1974. Known for ending the Vietnam War and for the Watergate scandal. [e]
- Barack Obama [r]: (1961–) 44th President of the United States of America (2009-) and a former Senator from Illinois. [e]
- Pericles [r]: (circa 495-429 BCE) Athenian Statesman, General and Admiral. [e]
- Vladimir Putin [r]: Former President of and current Prime Minister of Russia; leader of United Russia party; KGB officer in the Soviet era [e]
- Ronald Reagan [r]: Ronald Reagan was the 40th president of the United States. [e]
- Dean Rusk [r]: United States Secretary of State from 1961 to 1968 in the Administrations of John F. Kennedy and Lyndon B. Johnson, with extensive Asian experience and a strong advocate of U.S. resistance to Communism in Southeast Asia [e]
- Margaret Thatcher [r]: The first woman Prime Minister of the United Kingdom, famous for her free market views and for successfully waging the Falklands War, frequently called the "Iron Lady". [e]
- Harry S. Truman [r]: (1884-1972) President of the U.S. from 1945 to 1953. [e]
- George Washington [r]: First President of the United States (1789-1797) and commander in chief of the Continental Army. [e]
Politically important events
- 9-11 Attack [r]: The largest terrorist attack on the continental United States, occurring on September 11, 2001, using hijacked airliners as suicide weapons against major buildings [e]
- American Civil War [r]: Major war 1861-65 fought over slavery in which the U.S. defeated the secessionist Confederate States of America. [e]
- Afghanistan War (2001-) [r]: Beginning on October 7, 2001, in response to the 9-11 attacks, military operations against the Taliban and al-Qaeda by United States and NATO forces [e]
- Berlin Blockade [r]: The period, from June 24, 1948 to May 11, 1949, when the Soviet Union cut all land routes to Berlin [e]
- Berlin Wall [r]: Once (1961-1989) a barrier separating West Berlin from East Berlin and the rest of East Germany. [e]
- Cold War [r]: Geostrategic, economic and ideological struggle from about 1947 to 1991 between the Soviet Union and the United States and their allies. [e]
- Crash of 1929 [r]: the sharp fall in prices on the New York Stock Exchange that contributed to the severity of the Great Depression [e]
- Crash of 2008 [r]: the international banking crisis that followed the subprime mortgage crisis of 2007. [e]
- The Enlightenment [r]: An 18th-century movement in Western philosophy and intellectual life generally, that emphasized the power or reason and science to understand and reform the world. [e]
- Great Depression [r]: the severe downturn in economic activity that started in 1929 in Germany and the United States and affected many other countries. [e]
- Gulf War [r]: The conflict started by the Iraqi invasion of Kuwait in 1990, and ended with the liberation of Kuwait and major damage to Iraqi forces, by a US-led UN coalition in 1991. [e]
- The Holocaust [r]: Nazi Germany's systematic economic exploitation, followed by killing, of European Jews and others deemed racial and ideological enemies [e]
- Iraq War [r]: Invasion of Iraq by a coalition of countries, led by the United States, in 2003, and subsequent occupation [e]
- Oklahoma City bombing [r]: The 1995 bombing of the Alfred P. Murrah Federal Building in Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, killing 168, by Timothy McVeigh, and a collaborator, Terry Nichols, with an anti-government agenda. [e]
- Recession of 2009 [r]: the international recession that was triggered by the Crash of 2008. [e]
- Subprime motgage crisis [r]: Add brief definition or description
- Vietnam, war, and the United States [r]: The interactions of the Vietnam War with United States domestic politics and public opinion, and, in turn, how domestic considerations affected the military situation [e]
Tools of politics
- Diplomacy (foreign policy) [r]: The process of negotiations, among nations, usually by accredited representatives of a government. While the details of the negotiations may not be public information, the fact of the diplomatic negotiations is official and acknowledged [e]
- Grand strategy [r]: The application of all national means of affecting the actions of other nations and non-national actors; specifically includes but is not restricted to military means [e]
- Terrorism [r]: Any act, nearly always violent, unpredictable, and chaotic in nature, often targetting civilians, intended to create an atmosphere of fear in order to obtain a political objective. [e]
- War [r]: A state of violent conflict which exists between two or more independent groups, each seeking to impose its will on the other. [e]
Related topics
- Conspiracy theory [r]: Belief that a covert and deceptive organization or people is responsible for important world events, and that these people are hiding their own involvement, acting from behind the scenes and spreading misinformation. [e]
- Financial system [r]: the interactive system of organisations that serve as intermediaries between lenders and borrowers. [e]
- Fiscal conservatism [r]: A political position (primarily in the United States) that calls for lower levels of public spending, lower taxes and lower government debt. [e]
- National debt [r]: the external obligations of the government and public sector agencies - with content and valuation method according to national or international definitions (otherwise known as public debt or government debt). [e]
- Noam Chomsky [r]: American linguist, MIT professor and left-wing political activist. [e]
- Philosophy [r]: The study of the meaning and justification of beliefs about the most general, or universal, aspects of things. [e]
- Political philosophy [r]: Branch of philosophy that deals with fundamental questions about politics. [e]
- Province [r]: Territorial unit, almost always an administrative division, within a country or state. [e]
- Renaissance [r]: Cultural movement that spanned roughly the 14th to the 17th century, beginning in Florence in the Late Middle Ages and later spreading to the rest of Europe. [e]
- Rent-seeking [r]: Behaviour that increases the welfare of a person or group at the expense of the welfare of others. [e]
- Slavery [r]: A social system in which people have legal rights of property ownership over others. [e]
- Socialism [r]: Any socio-economic system in which property and distribution of wealth are controlled by a community, by cooperation law. [e]
- Taxation [r]: The transfer of resources from the community to the government. [e]

